•
w,
-
§ I
THE
NAUTILUS
A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF
CONCHOLOGISTS
VOL. XIX. MAY, 1905, to APRIL, 19O6.
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :
H. A. PILSBEY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy ol Natural Sciences,
PHILADELPHIA.
C. W. JOHNSON, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History,
BOSTON.
•
144
THE NAUTILUS.
When discussing the Volutidae in the Wagner List. Transactions in 18'JO, I stated that I had not attempted to revise the nomen- clature of the group at that time ; but if I had been aware of the serious reformation needed in the accepted nomenclature, 1 should have felt obliged to undertake it without delay. — WM. H. DALL.
PUBLICATIONS KECEIVED.
LOESS PAPERS : The Loess of Nachez, Mississippi ; The Loess and the Lansing Man ; Loess and the lowan Drift ; Evidences (?) of Water-deposition of Loess. By B. Shimek (Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Iowa State University, V., no. 4). The question of the genesis of the loess of the Mississippi Valley lias interested two generations of geologists. Until quite recently the great majority of American writers, and among them Prof. Shimek himself, ascribed its deposition to the action of water. Later studies by Shimek, covering ex- posures over practically the whole loess area, caused him to advocate the view that our loess is of jEolian origin. This thesis is dis- cussed with great ability, and it is not possible here to give an ade- quate outline of the argument. It is shown that the highest and thickest deposits of loess lie along the larger streams, and their deposition by water would require vast inland lakes, of which there are no traces of shore-lines. The fine and homogeneous deposits containing fragile shells unbroken and unworn, are not such as would be deposited by aqueous action. Moreover, fluviatile shells are ab- sent, the loess fossils being chiefly land shells, and exceptionally those of small pools. A great mass of evidence, geological and faunal, is brought forward to show that the loess is of the nature of an upland dune formation.
The argument for asolian origin from the fossil shells will be read with great interest by conchologists. Prof. Shimek's thorough knowl- edge of both the loess and the modern faunas enables him to deal hard blows to those who attempt to defend the aqueous theory on palasontologic grounds. The last essay of the series is a damaging critique of the papers of Prof. G. Frederick Wright and Luella A. Owen. There are fourteen excellent plates, two representing fossil land shells of the Nachez loess.
This brochure contains the most complete and authoritative exposi- tion of the subject of loess formation in the English language, and will be invaluable to all students of the loess and its fossils. — H. A. P.
THE
NAUTILUS
A MONTHLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF
CONCHOLOGISTS
VOL. XX MAY, 1906, to APRIL, 1OO7.
EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS :
H. A. PILSBRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences,
PHILADELPHIA.
C. W. JOHNSON, Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History,
BOSTON.
INDEX
TO
THE NAUTILUS, VOL XX.
INDEX TO SUBJECTS, GENERA AND SPECIES.
Abalones and the earthquake 135
Abal'Ones and the penal code of California . . .85 Alabama, some shells of Mississippi and . . 34, 40, 52 Amphigyra Pilsbry, n. gen. ...... 49
Amphigyra alabamensis Pilsbry, n. sp. (PL III, figs. 1, 2). 50
Anodonta imbeeillis Say 69
Anostoma, on the generic name 11
Ashmunella rhyssa Ckll. (PL VIII, figs. 3-5). . . 134
Ashmunella rhyssa edentata 135
Ashmunella rhyssa hyporhyssa. ..... 135
Ashmunella rhyssa townsendi Bartsch (PL VIII, figs.
1, 2) 133
Ashmunella, notes on some New Mexican. . . . 133
Athleta rarispina 131, 142
Basommatophora, two new American genera of . .49 Bifidaria agna Pilsbry & Vanatta (figs. 1, 2, 3) . . 141
Boreocheton 64
Brachypodella, a synonym of 47
British Columbia shells 95
Brooklyn Conchological Club 89
(iii)
IV THE NAUTILUS.
Bulimulus dormani . . 6
Busycon montforti Aldrich, n. sp. (PI. VI) . . . 121 Calliostoma carnicolor Preston, n. sp. (PI. VIII, figs. 5, 6) . 140 Cardium from Puget Sound, a new. .... Ill Cardium (Cerastoderma) fucanum Ball, n. sp. . . 112 Cayuga Lake, land shells from the east shore of . . 100
Cazenovia, N. Y., mollusks of 97
Chiton marmoreus var. caeruleus Winkley . . .66 Chitons, remarks on certain New England . . .62 Chloritis edwardsi ........ 47
Cleopatra multiliarata Ancey, n. sp. . ; . . 45
Cleopatra smithi Ancey, n. sp 45
Cochliopa rowelli in California 10
Correspondence ........ 142
Cypraea bernardinae Preston, n. sp. (PL VIII, fig. 8) . 139
Cyrena (Polymesoda) panamensis 3
Don ax cayennensis ........
Donax denticulatus ........ 2
Drymaaus dominicus 7, 24
Drymaeus dormani . . . . . . . 7, 24
Drymaeus multilineatus 24
Dyakia, note on 47
Epiphragmophora (Micrarionta) hutsoni Clapp, n. sp.
(PI. IX) . .... 136
Epiphragmophora (Micrarionta) hutsoni, on the soft
anatomy of ........ 138
Epiphragmophora kelletti and E. stearnsiana . . .13 Epiphragmophora stearnsiana Gabb .... 13, 61
Epiphragmophora tudiculata, a healthy colony of (PL
IV) ... ... . 61
Everglades, collecting in the ...... 9
Eurycaelon crassa Hald. ....... 42
Fulgur, from Florida, a new fossil (PL VI) . . . 121 Glabaris Gray, or Patularia Swainson, note on the genus. 39 Glyptostoma newberryanum ... .61
Haliotis californiensis 86
Helix arbustorum in Iceland . . .94
Helix hortensis in Newfoundland . . 94
THE NAUTILUS. V
Helix hortensis on Magdalen Island. . . . . 105 Helix hortensis, on the distribution in North America
of . I 73, 95
Helix jejuna Say, transferred to Praticolella . . .32
Helix subglobosa 73, 77
Insufficiency of an operculum as a basis of classification
in the round-mouth shells . . . .91, 102, 113 Lepyrium, note on . . . . ... .51
Lepyrium showalteri 51
Lymnasa dalli Baker, n. sp 125
Lynmeea danielsi Baker, n. sp. 55
Lynmsea leai Baker, n. sp. . . 126
Lymnaga megasoma Say 36, 83
Manatee snail, Bulimulus dormani . . . .6
Microstoina hanleyanum Jous. . ... . . .47
Mississippi, some shells of Alabama and . . 34, 40, 52
Mitra picta Reeve, note on 57
Mumford collection of shells 119
Nebraska, a list of shells from 81
Neoplanorbis Pilsbry, n. gen 50
Neoplanorbis tantillus Pilsbry, n. sp. (PI. Ill, figs. 3-5). 51
Neritina showalteri 51
Nicaragua, shell collecting on the coast of ... 1 Notes. . . . 9, 24, 36, 46, 71, 83, 94, 105, 118, 144
Oklahoma, mollusks of 16
Omphalotropis macromphala Bavay = 0. quadrasi V.
Moll. . . ..... 47
Oysters carried by seaweed ...... 94
Paravitrea aldriehiana, n. sp. (PI. V, figs. 8-11) . 109, 111 Paravitrea from Alabama, new species of ... 109 Patularia swainson, notes on the genus Glabaris Gray or. 39
Pearls, output of American 9
Pisidium fragillimum Sterki, n. sp. .... 18
Pisidium friersoni Sterki, n. sp. . . . . .20
Pisidium levissimum Sterki, n. sp. . . . . 18
Pisidium minusculum Sterki, n. sp. . . 17
Pisidium neglectum Sterki, n. sp 87
Pisidium neglectum var. ( ?) corpulentum Sterki, n. var. 88
VI THE NAUTILUS.
Pisidium planatum Ancey 46
Pisidium proximum Sterki, n. sp. . 5
Pisidium subrotundum Sterki, n. sp. . 19
Pisidium succineum Sterki, n. sp 99
Pisidium superior Sterki, n. sp 98
Pi tar (Hysteroeoncha) dione 2
Plejona, Bolten 130, 143
Pleurotoma (Genota) carp enteri ana Gabb (PI. II, figs.
1-3) . . . . . .37
Pleurotoma (Genota) cooperi Arnold (PI. II, fig. 10). . 38 Pleurotoma (Genota) riversiana Raymond (PI. II, fig. 9). 39 Pleurotoma (Genota) stearnsiana Raymond (PI. II, figs.
4-6) . ' . 38
Pleurotoma (Genota) tryoniana Gabb (PI. II, figs. 7, 8). 38 Pleurotoma, the West American species of ... 37 Polygyra (Stenotrema) brevipila Clapp, n. sp. (PI. V,
fig. 1-4) ... .110
Polygyra^ ( Stenotrema) altispira P&lsbry (PH. V, figs. 5-7) . Ill
Pomatiopsis Winkleyi Pilsbry 43
Popular conchology 71
Praticolella jejuna Say 33, 46
Pseudopartula, note on . . . , . .47
Psilocochlis Dall, note on the genus 128
Psilocochlis mccalliei Dall 128
Publications received . 11, 36, 47, 71, 84, 96, 106, 119, 143
Quadrula trapezoides Lea. 68
Ravenel 'collection 36
Richfield Springs, New York, shells of . . . .89
Scala berryi Dall, n. sp 127
Scala (Cerostrema) montereyensis Dall, n. sp. . . 128 Scala from California, three new species of . . . 127
Scala lowei Dall, n. sp. 44
Scala rectilaminata Dall, n. sp. 127
Scallops, migrations of 83
Segmentina armigera Say (PI. VII, figs. 1-3). . . 123 Segmentina crassilabris Walker, n. sp. (PI. VII, figs. 4-6). 122 Segmentina wheatleyi Lea (PI. VII, figs. 7-9). . . 123 Sitala, a new Chinese 5
THE NAUTILUS. vii
Sitala hangchowensis Pils., n. sp 5
Sphaerium from Illinois, a new . . . . . 21
Sphaerium hendersoni Sterki, n. sp 69
Sphaerium, on the pathology of 11
Sphaerium solidulum 11
Sphaerium stamineum forbesi Baker, n. var. . . .21 Stenotrema altispira Pilsbry (PI. V, figs. 5-7). . . Ill Stenotrema brevipila Clapp, n. sp. (PL V, figs. 1-4). . 110 Stenotrema from Alabama, new species of ... 109
Strigilla carnaria 1
Subspecies, mutations and forms . . . 58
Tellina (Eurytellina) angulosa. ... 1
Tivela mactroides 3
Tomogeres Montf 11
Tonicella blaneyi Dall 62, 65
Tonicella ruber var. index Balch, n. var. . . 66
Traehydermon ruber. ... ... 62
Unionidae, some observations on the ova of . 68
Unionidae of Kansas. . . . 144
Valvata bicarinata Lea (PI. I, fig.14) . .29
Valvata bicarinata connectans Walker, n. var. . 30
Valvata bicarinata perdepressa Walker, n. var. (PI. I,
figs. 15-16). . 30
Valvata, notes on ... 25
Valvata lewisii Currier (PI. I, figs. 12-13 . 29
Valvata sincera danielsi Walker, n. var. (PI. I, figs. 10,
11) . ... .28
Valvata sincera Say (PI. I, figs. 1-6) . . . .26 Valvata sincera nylanderi Dall (PI. I, figs. 7-9) . 28
Vitrea approxima and V. vanattai, note on . . 57
Vitrea (Paravitrea) aldrichiana Clapp, n. sp. (PI. V, figs.
8-11) . ... .109
Volutidae, a review of the American . . . 129, 142 Ward, Henry A. (obituary) ... .48
Winkley collection of shells 118
Wisconsin shells, list of ....
Zonitoides alliaria in Colorado. . . 144
THE NAUTILUS.
INDEX TO AUTHORS.
Aldrich, T. H. . . . .121
Ancey, C. F 45, 47
Baker, Frank C 21, 55, 125
Balch, F. N 62
Chadwick, G. H 22
Clapp, Geo. H 13, 105, 109, 136
Cockerell, T. D. A. . 58, 94
Dall, Win. H 39, 44, 111, 127, 128, 142
Ferriss, Jas. H. ..... .16, 133
Fluck, W. H 1
Frierson, L. S. 68
Grataeap, L. P 91, 102, 112
Henderson, Jr., John B .97
Henderson, Junius 144
Hinkley, A. A 34, 40, 52
Johnson, Charles W 46, 73, 95
Kelsey, F. W 61
Latchford, F. R 83
Nason, Win. A. 141
Pilsbry, Henry A. 5, 11, 32, 47, 49, 51, 57, 72, 119, 133, 138, 140
Preston, H. B 139
Raymond, W. J 37
Reynolds, A. G. 9
Rons, Sloman 57
Rowell, Rev. J 10
Simpson, Charles T 24
Smith, Burnett ... 129
Smith, Maxwell 89
Sterki, V 5, 11, 17, 69, 87, 98
Vanatta, E. G 95, 140
Walker, Bryant .... 25, 57, 81, 106, 122
Wheat, Silas C 89, 100
Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton 71, 85
Stearns, R. E. C. . 135
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XX. MAY, 1906. No. 1.
SHELL-COLLECTING ON THE MOSQUITO COAST OF NICARAGUA— VI.
BY W. H. FLUCK.
Tellina (Eurytellina] angulosa Gmel. Abundant on the beach all along the coast from Bluefields to Cape Gracias a, Dios. The dead shells found were almost always in perfect condition, not even the hinge ligament injured. Live shells in the shallow water on quiet days. This is the most highly colored bivalve on the cost.
Tellina ( CycloteUina) fausta Donovan. Plentiful in the shallow water about the Man of War Keys.
Sanguinolaria (Psammotella) operculata Gmel. A common shell on the sandy beaches of the Mosquito Coast. Walpa Siksa is a good locality for it. This very beautiful shell is not as brilliant as T. angulosa, but is larger.
Sanguinolaria rosea Lam. This beautiful pink shell is by no means numerous along the east coast of Nicaragua. I searched the beach and shallow water almost daily for four years, but succeeded in find- ing four specimens only. It inhabits deep water, possibly. It is altogether too fragile to stand the pounding of the surf.
Asaphis deflorata Linn. Abundant in the shallow sea and pools at King's Keys and the other islands along the coast. It seems to be variable in color, being pink, cream, blue, and white.
StrigiUa carnaria L. Very abundant. I found two sizes ; large, full-grown forms fairly plentiful, and young, brighter colored half- sized specimens, in large quantities. They occurred thus so regu- larly that I was persuaded they were two distinct species. I felt the more certain of this since in the larger forms the ligament was in
2 THE NAUTILUS.
every case more deeply seated. However, both Mr. C. W. Johnson and Dr. W. H. Dall assured me that the smaller form was young and the larger " typical."
Iphigenia braziliensis Lam. My specimens, with the exception of a few dead shells, were found at or near the mouth of the Wavva river, where it is plentiful. It is a dweller of estuaries.
Donax denticulatus L. This is by far the most abundant bivalve on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua. All the native children, Indian, Creole, as well as the Spanish speaking ones gather it in large basketfuls for the family larder. At low tide these beautiful " wedges " are to be seen all over the beach in favorable places, sit- ting up in the sand, thin end (posterior) down, with about one-third of the broad anterior exposed, the shell a little open and the siphons at work with every rush of the water as the waves come in and roll out. Donax is either stupid or without fear, for it seldom trys to escape by digging, on being approached, as do the Solens. The shell is very variable in color and radiations. I have a series of about 25, all different. Wounta Haulover.
Donax cayennensis Lam. Inhabits the same localities and the same sandy stations between tides as the former, but it is not any- thing like as numerous. It is a larger shell than denticulatus, with a more angular anterior ridge, and is more uniform in color, not vary- ing much from pure white, although some specimens tend to bluish, yellow, or purple. Prinzapolka was the first locality at which I found this shell, but one always find them wherever D. denticulatus is to be had. A very good authority wrote me some time ago : " In going over the Donacidce in the museum, I find no characters to separate Lamark's Donax cayennensis from the Donax striata L." I have never seen the latter form. Can these names be synonyms ? Both D. cayennensis and D. denticulatus are called alii by the native Indian population. The former they regard as the male and the latter as the female. Aid means dimple. Is not that more beauti- ful than wedge f
Pitar (Hysleroconclia) dione L. Very abundant. I shall never forget finding my first specimen of this beautiful, sulcate, spinose shell. The Indian boy who was with me further increased the pleasure of the find by telling me that they were manas, without number. I soon found that he was not far from the truth. Wounta Haulover seems an ideal place for this species, the shore and bottom
THE NAUTILUS. 3
being sandy, the sea open with no bars, and the only rocks too far out to be of any injury to their fragile spines. Wounta Haulover.
Chione cancellata. A variety. Much worn odd valves only. Wounta Haulover, on the beach.
Cyrena (Polymesoda) panamensis Prime. This is the common bivalve of all the lagoons along the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua. It is not always found in the mud, although in the Bluefields lagoon it thrives in that kind of a station. At Wounta Haulover it lives in the lagoon back from fche sea, on a sandy bottom, while at Karata it is to be found on the gravel. I have eaten very good chowder made of klito, as the Indians call it. The umbones are always, so far as I have observed, corroded in adult specimens.
Tivela mactroides Born. This pretty little clam is quite common on the shore and in the shallow water along the open sea. The shell is solid and looks as though it might stand rougher water than it usually gets on the Mosquito Coast. Dr. Dall, in his " Synopsis of the Family Veneridae " is quite right in saying: " This species may be white, or chestnut-brown or with brown rays on a lighter ground." I have specimens that alternate with white and brown concentrically.
Echinochama arcinella L. A few dead shells, with one exception all left valves.
Chama congreyata Conr. Dead shells everywhere on the beach, especially left valves attached to old Pecten, Area or Chione shells.
Codakia orbicularis L. Plentiful about Man of War Keys ; I also have a few from Pearl Key.
Area umbonata Lam. Man of War Keys. I found but one speci- men, although the Indian turtle-hunters, who frequent the Keys, told me that it was a very common shell at times.
Scapharca ( Cunearca) incongrua, var. braziliana Lam. Wounta Haulover. Plentiful at all times on the beach, generally with hinge ligament perfect. Also found alive in the shallow water on quiet days.
Area (Argina) campechensis Dillwyn. Walpa Siksa, on the sea- beach, both north and south of the river mouth.
Area occidentalis Phil. Bilwi, just north of the Wawa river mouth, on the open beach.
Melina ephippium L. Man of War Keys. Abundant.
Pinna muricata L. I never found a living shell, but good speci- mens of dead ones were to be found at almost any time on the beach,
4 THE NAUTILUS.
especially about the sand-bars and in the coves at and near the mouth of rivers, as at Wawa, Wounta, and Wai pa Siksa.
Pecten dislocatus Say. Wounta Haulover. A few single valves.
Plicatula ramosa Lam. Wounta Haulover. Found attached to soft corals, sponges, and like marine, growth. Numerous.
Ostrea virginica Gmel. A very abundant shell in all the lagoons and estuaries, not far from the sea. It seems to multiply very fast, filling up harbors and channels. It does not get as large as our northern oysters, possibly on account of the large quantities of fresh water that cover them for protracted periods during the rainy season.
Discinisca antitlarum D'Orb. Wounta Haulover. I found six or eight on an old Pinna. These little brachiopods remind one of miniature Anomia simplex.
Helicina amoena Pfr. In native clearings in the forest along the Wounta (or Kukallaya) river, northwest of the village of Kukallaya.
Helicina dalli Bartsch. Near Wani, Nicaragua.
Nephronaias flucki Bartsch. From the Wounta river, a day's paddling by canoe to the northwest of the village of Kukallaya.
Streptostyla ftucki Bartsch. Near Wani.
Neocyclotus ^Neocyclotus) chrysacme Bartsch. Near Wani.
Chrondropoma callipeplum Bartsch. Near Wani.
The region about Wani is quite different from the low, sandy, coastal-plain. It takes many days' canoe paddling, according to the volume of water in the river, to reach it. It is in what the Indians call the " hill country."
The five last-named shells are new. Dr. Paul Bartsch, who has seen my entire collection, is at this writing publishing descriptions of them.
I have a few more Mosquito Coast shells which I might add to this list, but will not do so now. At some future time I shall ask for space for another article.
I am convinced that the shells I collected in the lowlands of east- ern Nicaragua do not by any means exhaust the molluscan fauna of that region. The highlands of the interior, the mangrove swamps, rivers, lagoons, sea beaches, and the keys, all have treasures for the man who has time to search for them. As for myself, I picked up only such shells as I stumbled over in the strenuous pursuit of other duties.
THE NAUTILUS. A NEW CHINESE SITALA.
BY H. A. PILSBKT.
Sitala hangchoivensis n. sp. Shell subperforate, trochiform with rounded periphery, pale brown, surface dull, smoothish, under the compound microscope showing dense, vertical striation, most distinct on the penultimate whorl, and very fine, close spiral impressed lines, the base distinctly striate spirally, with finer spirals in the intervals between coarser lines. Spire conic with nearly straight outlines. "Whorls 6, decidedly convex, the last rounded peripherally and convex beneath. Aperture somewhat oblique, lunate, the margins thin and simple ; columella concave below, vertical with reflexed edge above. Alt. 3.7, diam. 4.1 mm.
Hangchow, China. Types no. 91131 A. N. S. P., from no. 1074 of Mr. Hirase's collection.
It is not easy to decide whether this species should be considered a Sitala or a Kaliella, but on account of the fine spiral striation it probably accords best with the first. It is larger than Kaliella de- pressa and K. monticola Mlldff. with fewer whorls, 6 instead of 6^, and it has a dull, not glossy surface.
NEW SPECIES OF PISIDIUM.
BY V. STERKI.
PISIDIUM PROXIMUM, n. sp. Mussel of medium size, moderately to rather well inflated, outlines oval without any projecting angles, posterior margin slightly subtruncate in some specimens, beaks somewhat posterior, rather broad to narrow, rounded, or their cen- ters more or less flattened, with a ridge around the flattened area in some specimens ; surface with irregular, fine to rather coarse striae and several lines of growth, shining, color light yellowish-horn to brownish ; shell opaque to subtransluceut, thin ; hinge slight, cardinal teeth of various shapes ; ligament rather long.
Long. 5.6 alt. 4.8, diam. 3.4 m. (Wash.)
Long. 6 alt. 5 diam. 3.8 m. (B. C.)
Long. 4.1 alt. 3.5, diam. 2.5 m. (B. C.)
Habitat : Washington, British Columbia : Walla Walla sent by B. Walker, a good number of specimens deep horn to brownish,
THE NAUTILUS.
beaks rather broad and moderately elevated ; " a small pond, Second Summit, B. C., at alt., 6000 ft." (collected by O. W. Spreadborough, 1905, sent by J. F. Whiteaves), about eighty specimens; somewhat larger than the Walla Walla form, of light color becoming brownish over the beaks in older specimens, then with irregular, alternating zones of lighter and darker ; the beaks are more elevated and in many specimens narrower. Although of rather different appearance, the two Pisidia seem to be of the same species. '' Pond at head of North Fork of Caribou Creek, East of Burton City, West Kootenay, B. C." (by same); considerably smaller, but seem identical ; the beaks are full and prominent, the disks rather flat towards the in- ferior margin.
This Pisidium is under doubt as to its affinities. While apparently somewhat like some forms of dbditum Hald., it has also resemblance with a South American Pisidium which I take for boliviense Sturany. More materials from other places may help answering this question. Our Pacific Slope Pisidia, and more so those of Central and South America are still very insufficiently known.
THE MANATEE SNAIL BULIMULUS DORMANT.1
The sooty mould of the orange, Meliola, is one of the most serious results of white fly infestation of citrus groves, and is an element in the injury to various plants from aphids and from some of the scale insects, especially the Lecaniums, mealy-bugs, wax scales, and cot- tony cushion scale. The fungus is not itself a parasite on the plant, but a saprophyte, deriving its sustenance from the sweet honey dew secreted by these insects. The injury to the plant results from the smothering action of the fungus, the heavy coating of fungal threads interfering with the healthful action of sunlight on the leaves. The appearance of the various ornamental and hedge plants is also dis- figured by the dark fungus. The sooty mould is especially bad fol- lowing the white fly attack, owing to the large amount of honey dew secreted by these insects. As the white fly larvae attach themselves to the under side of the leaves, the honey dew exuded by them falls to the top side of the leaves beneath, thus affording favorable oppor- tunity for the growth of the fungus. So constant is the association
1 Press Bulletin No. 59, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. Depart- ment of Entomology.
THE NAUTILUS. 7
of the fungus and the white fly that badly infested groves and hedges may be recognized at some distance by the heavily coated dark foli- age. The fungus develops on the fruit as well as on the leaves and stem, and washing becomes necessary, resulting not only in an added expense, but also in increased danger of decay in shipping. In this connection the habits of the tree snail, Bulimulus dormant, J are of the greatest interest. This snail has been found in the orange groves in Manatee county feeding upon the sooty mould. Just how long the snail has been present on orange trees in this county it is impossible to say. It was observed as long as two years ago by Mr. F. D. Waite, at Palmetto. It seems to have been present in small numbers in other groves at this time, but attracted no further atten- tion until the present summer. The snail is now widely distributed in Manatee county, occuring in many groves on both sides of the Manatee river. The work of the snails is very characteristic. When well started they occur in great numbers on the tree, spread- ing over it from base to top. Its favorite food seems to be the sooty mould. The fungus is cleaned from the leaves, stems, and fruit. The leaves thus cleaned have a glossy, shiny appearance as though free from white fly. The fruit thus cleaned has a better color and probably ripens earlier. In addition to the fungus, the snail takes algte and some lichens from the stem and trunk, giving the trunk a much cleaner and fresher look. The trees that are cleaned stand out conspicuously from the surrounding trees by their bright foliage and clean trunks. The snails increase rapidly under favorable con- ditions. The eggs are probably deposited in protected places about the trunks of the trees, possibly also about the base of the tree under leaves and other rubbish. That the snails are capable of doing ef- fective work, when present in sufficient numbers, has been shown in numerous groves in Manatee county during the present summer. Such trees in these groves as are well stocked with the snails have been thoroughly cleaned, the fruit not requiring washing.
The snails are of medium size, measuring when full grown, three- fourths to one inch in length. The shells are smooth, white, or corneous-white, and with about four bands of brown spots. Old
1 This species is now placed in the genus Drymseus. A closely allied species, D. dominicus Rve. (B. marielimis Poey), is also common throughout southern Florida, and frequently confounded with dormani. It probably has similar feeding habits. — EDITORS.
THE NAUTILUS.
shells have often a somewhat corroded surface, the bands becoming indistinct or absent. When the conditions are unfavorable, either cold or dry, the snails take refuge in the hollows of the trees or under leaves accumulated in the forks, or elsewhere, or under sacks at the base of the trees when these are provided. It thus becomes an easy matter to transfer them from tree to tree. A few snails placed by Mr. Wade Harrison in one of his trees in March, increased in such numbers as to free the tree of sooty mould by mid-summer of the same year. The snails are known to range with some variation from the mouth of the St. John's river on the north, to the Caloosahatchie river on the south. The species is probably native to Florida, as speci- mens in small numbers were observed about the hummocks and else- where as long as fifty years ago. Its habit of feeding on the sooty mould of the orange, however, was not known until within the past two years.
In view of the fondness of the snails for the injurious sooty mould fungus, it becomes of first importance to observe their treatment of the beneficial fungi. Among the fungi parasitic on orange insects there are four species of inestimable value to orange growers. These are the brown fungus well known as an effective parasite on the white fly larvte ; the red-pink fungus also parasitic on the white fly ; the red fungus, and the gray-headed fungus, both parasitic on the common scales. The brown fungus so effective in control of the white fly, as is well-known, throws out spreading hyphas for some distance around the body of the dead leaves. It seems that the snails occasion, ally feed to a limited extent on these spreading hyphse, but evidently not enough to interfere with the spread of the fungus, since this fungus is doing particularly effective work in the groves in the Manatee region where the snails occur ; the red-pink fungus is also abundant in the groves where the snails occur and is untouched by them. The snails have not been observed to feed on either the red or the gray fungi parasitic on the common orange scales, and it is probable that they have no taste for these parasitic fungi. Colonies of the snails are being started in parts of the State where the white fly injury is severe and where conditions seem favorable for the growth of the snail. It is desirable that close attention be given to the habits of the snail, as well as to means of protecting colonies against unfavorable conditions. A few sacks thrown around the tree seems to afford a needed protec- tion against unusual cold. It is probable that sprays can not be used
THE NAUTILUS.
on trees stocked with the snails without injury to the colony, for, although protected by the shell from the immediate effect, sufficient spray probably clings to the sooty mould on which they feed to de- stroy them. The beneficial parasitic fungi and the snails may be allowed to work together on unsprayed trees. The snail is here spoken of as the Manatee snail since while recorded as occurring in other parts of the State it was found working on the orange groves first in the Manatee region.
NOTES.
Collecting in the Everglades. I have recently returned from a col- lecting trip in the Everglades. Most of the collecting was done at a point where the Big Cypress Swamp and the Everglades meet, about 80 miles from Myers and 35 miles from Jmmokalee P. O. Drymaeus dominicus Reeve was found in the air-plants. Dead shells of Glandina truncata var. minor, were plentiful, but live ones scarce. A few Zonitoides arboreus were also found in air-plants. Polyyyra cereolus var. carpenteriana and uvulifera I did not collect. Beautiful speci- mens of the glossy, dark, amber-colored Physa cubensis Pfr., were found on the under side of the leaves of water plants. Planorbis intercalaris Pils., and P. tumidus were very plentiful, the latter in the more shallow water. Ancylus peninsulae Pils. & Johns., was found on decayed wood in the Cypress Swamp. Atnpullarin depressa is abundant on the edge of the Everglades. The shells are heaped around isolated cypress trees, where they are dropped by the hawks which feed upon them ; a bright yellow variety without bands is occasionally found. A small Utiio was common in a stream near Immokalee. A. G. REYNOLDS.
OUTPUT OF AMERICAN PEARLS — Dealers in American pearls state that the past season showed a diminished output of fine gems, but a gain in the traffic in baroques or pearl formations of irregular shapes.
The most valuable pearl discovered last season was taken from the "Wabash river, near Mount Carmel, 111. This was a pink-white gem of eighty grains, and is valued by its owner at $8000.
A pearl valued at $5000 was found in a mussel shell taken from the Skillet Fork river, Carmi, 111. Other pearls, worth from $500 to $3000, were found last year ; but such fortunate discoveries were considerably fewer in number than in former years.
10 THE NAUTILUS.
Nearly every year witnesses a shifting of the pearl-hunting indus- try. The Kankakee river, Indiana, was the newest field last sea- son, and some valuable gems were found there.
Of late, French buyers have been actively represented in the American market. The activity of these foreign buyers, together with the diminished supply, was largely responsible for the fact that prices at the close of the season ranged from 25 to 35 per cent, higher than they did a year before.
Despite the fact that American pearls now command a higher price than ever, the volume of business has shrunk because of the destruction of so many of the mussel beds.
In one year the output of the rivers of Arkansas was valued at $2,000,000. Last year, some experienced dealers assert, the value of the whole American product, exclusive of baroques, was not worth more than $500,000.
Dealers charge that many fine pearls are rendered valueless by the practice of button houses, and those who fish for them, of throwing mussels into hot-water vats, in order to open great quantities of shells rapidly. These button houses seek the mother-of-pearl in the shells.
Baroques, or pearls of irregular shapes, have attained a prominent place in commerce. Some of them have a sheen or opalescence equal to the quality of the finest gems.
Until recently, pearl hunters sought only symmetrical shapes, and the baroques were left as playthings for children along the streams, or were cast aside.
The influence of the " new art " originated a demand for these angular, irregular and eccentric formations.
Jewelers now use the baroques in making scarf pins, chrysanthe- mums, figures and ornaments.
The long and narrow shapes, especially, lend themselves with readiness to the jeweler's art. As many of these odd formations were found to have attractive color, lustre or iridescence, the public soon found a liking for them. — North American.
COCHLIOPA ROAVELLI IN CALIFORNIA. — In response to an inquiry in the December NAUTILUS concerning the habitat of this species a single note has been received, referring to the original finding of the shell. It has apparently not been found since. The note follows : " Cochliopa Rowelli, was named from shells collected by me, near Baulinas Bay (not Clear Lake) Marin Co., California." — J. Rowell.
THE NAUTILUS. 11
ON THE GENERIC NAME ANOSTOMA — At the time I prepared a monograph of this genus (Man. of Conch., XIV, p. 109, 1901) I did not notice that two modifications of the same name were already in use : Anostomus Klein in Walbaum, Pet. Arted., Gen. Pise., Ill, p. 659, 1792, and Anastomus Bonnaterre, Encycl. Meth., Ornith., p. xciii, 1790. Whether these conflict with the molluscan Anostoma depends upon whether the different spelling be held to constitute a different name — a question still in dispute. Tomogeres Montf. is the next name applied to the molluscan Anostoma. — H. A. P.
ON THE PATHOLOGY OF SPH^ERIUM. — Among thousands of Sphcerium solidulum Pr., in company with several other species, from Des Moines, Iowa, collected and sent for examination by Mr. T. van Hyning, there were several dozen specimens of special interest, ab- normal and evidently of a pathological nature. They were consid- erably smaller than the average, almost globular, the beaks being nearly as broad as in the normal form — apparently representing a distinct species. At the anterior margin of the shell there was a more or less marked scar, contiguous to the anterior adductor muscle and the lateral teeth. This was evidently caused in all specimens by one and the same agency, probably a parasite affecting the mantle edges in some way and thus causing the deformity of the shell. And the effect was not only local, as is evident by the fact that a coarse line of growth, from that place, all around both valves is noticeable in nearly all specimens thus affected, and the normal growth of the whole mussel was checked. Some larger specimens, of more or less irregular growth, show the same scar at the same place, in some in- stances only slightly marked.
Similar mussels have been noticed before, from other places, but never in such numbers. Also some Pisidia were seen similarly af- fected. It is hoped that fresh, living specimens will be obtained, in order to ascertain the cause of the deformity V. STERKI.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
CATALOGO DE LOS MOLUSCOS TESTACEOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPI- NAS, JOLO Y MARIANAS. 1, MOLUSCOS MAKINGS, por J. G. Hidalgo, 1905, xvi + 408 pp. Since 1840, when the description of Cuming's rich collection was begun, the Philippines have been noted for the great number and beauty of their marine shells. A very large num-
12 THE NAUTILUS.
ber of species was first described from there, and in critical researches on other Indo-Pacific faunas, constant reference to and comparison with Philippine topotypes is necessary. Several years ago Elera published a catalogue of the fauna, compiled from previous mono- graphs, etc., but without new material or critical knowledge of the mollusks themselves. Dr. Hidalgo has given many years to the study of the Philippine fauna and has condensed his results in the catalogue before us. 3121 species are admitted, and 704 others, cited from the Philippines on insufficient grounds, are enumer- ated. Those species actually seen by the author are indicated by a *, and it will be noticed that a large majority are so marked. This gives the records an authenticity far beyond that of a mere compila- tion, and is a feature of special value since many of the former Philippine citations rested upon Cumingian records only. A figure of each species is cited. This is not only a convenience, but of great value as showing the exact form intended, a significant point in these days of nomenclature changes. In his views of specific limits, Hi- dalgo takes the middle course, conservative as Crosse and von Martens may be said to have been, but not reactionary as Tryon was in the earlier volumes of his Manual. The use of genera is open to some criticism, from the retention of names such as Triton, Vertagus, etc., now generally held to be untenable. The localities of each form are fully recorded, most of these records being new.
The typography of the volume is excellent. A portrait of the author is given as frontispiece.
Dr. Hidalgo proposes to give in the second part of the Catalogo, an enumeration of the land and fresh water mollusks. These cata- logues do not replace the more extensive monograghic account of the fauna which is appearing at intervals in the handsomely illustrated Obras Malacologicas of the same author. The elaborate design of the latter renders its publication a work of many years. Meantime those interested in Indo-Pacific faunas will find the Catalogo one of the most useful of the many scholarly works we owe to the disting- uished Professor of Malacology of the Madrid Museum. H. A. P.
CATALOGUE OF THE LAND- AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA OF TAIWAN (FORMOSA). — By Henry A. Pilsbry and Y. Hirase (Proc. A. N. S., Phila., 1905). In the island of Formosa 128 species of land shells are now known, 28 of them described in this paper. There are 26 species of fresh water mollusks. The affinities of the mollusks are chiefly with those of China, though there is some affinity to the Ryukyuan fauna.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XX. JUNE, 1906. No. 2.
EPIPHRAGMOPHORA KELLETTII (FBS.) AND E. STEARNSIANA (GABB).
BY GEO. H. CLAPP.
Recent writers on American conchology have united these two species, the latter as a variety of the former, but a careful study of large series of both shows that Gabb was correct when he identified and named stearnsiana as a distinct species.
Forbes' original description of Helix kellettii was published in P. Z. 8., 1850, p. 55, and the type is figured on PI. IX, 2a, b. He was, however, badly mixed on his localities as he says : " Of the genus Helix there are nine species. Of these H. toivnsendiana, nuttaHiana and colnmbiana are certainly from the neighborhood of the Columbia river. Helix kettettii and pandorse, botli new, are prob- ably from the same country, though the box in which they were con- tained was marked ' Santa Barbara.' Helix areolata bears no indi- cation of its locality."
Through the kindly offices of John Ponsonby, Esq., of London, England, I was enabled to enlist the services of Edgar A. Smith, Curator of Conchology, British Museum, and he sent me a colored drawing of the type, which agrees very closely with Forbes' figure, and at the same time he checked up Forbes' measurements and found them correct, but was unable to count 6 whorls, unless any- thing over 5 is called 6.
"With this as a starting point and a large series of shells from Santa Catalina Is., and the mainland from San Diego to Kosario and Cedros (Cerros) Is., Lower California. I have tried to sepa- rate the two species with the following result:
14 THE NAUTILUS.
In looking up the literature, I found that there was considerable diversity of opinion and that authors were not always careful to follow the original description. Binney in Terr. Moll. IV, 17, copied Forbes' description and remarks verbatim and copied Forbes' fig. 2b on his PI. LXXVI, fig. 12.
Pfeiflfer in Mon. Hel. Viv. Ill, 182 changed Forbes' description which gave the size as 22 x 19 x 19 m.m., whorls 6, to size 24 x 20 x 16 m.m., whorls 5.
Tryon in Mon. Terr. Moll. U. S., p. GG (Am. Jour. Conch. II, 317, PI. VI, fig. 1.) translates Forbes' description, but his fig. 1, PI. VI looks as if it might have been drawn from a specimen of E. arrosa marinensis.
Binney in Terr. Moll. V, 361 translates Forbes' description rer- batim, but figures a large depressed shell from Santa Catalina Is., fig. 242, and says : — " I am positive that it is correctly referred to kel- letti." In his remarks he refers to the peculiar sculpture where he gays: — " There are traces on different parts of each shell of three different kinds of sculpturing; the wrinkles of growth, revolving impressed lines, and a series of minute granulations running obli- quely, sometimes almost perpendicularly, to the incremental wrin- kles." This is an important observation.
This description and remarks are copied in Binney's Manual, pp. 149_150. There is a typographical error on p. 150 where he says that Forbes' original figure is copied in Terr. Moll. V; the reference should be to Vol. IV; PI. LXXVI, fig. 12.
Without attempting to give a full bibliography it is only necessary to say that Cooper, Gabb, Newcomb, Carpenter, Stearns and Hemp- hill have all written on the subject in various publications.
Gabb published the description of Helix sfearnswna in Am. Jour. Conch. Ill, 235, PI. 1G, fig. 1. He gave the number of whorls as 5^, but did not state the size. The type is in the collection of the Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia.
Binney and Bland in L. & F.-W. Sh., I, 177, changed Gabbs' description somewhat, giving the number of whorls as 5 and adding the size 22x17 x 12 mm. This attitude must be the length of the axis, as the flattest shell that I have seen is 15^ mm. high, a single specimen, while the others run from 16 to 21-| mm.
In Terr. Moll. V, 3G2, Binney repeated the description of L. & F-W. Sh. adding notes on the anatomy and comparing with that of
THE NAUTILUS. 15
kellettii. This is copied verbatim in Manual Amer. Land Shells, p. 151.
In examining a large series of kelleltii from Santa Catalina I found one shell which agrees exactly with Forbes' original description and figure, and the later figures sent me by Mr. Smith, in size and color, but it has 5 whorls instead of G. All of this lot, about 90 shells, have the peculiar sculpture noted by Binney while none of the stearnsiana from the mainland of L. Cal. have it, and as Mr. Ponsonby informs me that this sculpture appears on Forbes' type, I think we can safely limit kellettii to Santa Catalina Is.
1 2 3
Fig. 1. Embryonic whorls of E. kellettii Fbs. "The isthmus," Santa Catalina I.;
shell 26 mm. diam.
Pipe. 2. E. stearnsiana Gabb, San Diego ; shell 26 mm. diam. Fig. 3 shows Fig. 1 superposed upon Fig. 2, the latter in stippled line. All
figures X 10.
The sculpture of the embryonic whorls of the two species also in- dicates that they are distinct, that of kellettii consisting of very weak radial lines, not waved, so that the whorls appear almost smooth, while in stearnsiana it is a very closely set series of wavy lines, gen- erally bifurcate at the suture, giving the surface a granulated appear- ance under low magnification. The accompanying figures show the difference in size of the embryonic shells of the two species, figs. 1, 2, and in fig. 3 the drawings are superimposed to bring out the difference more distinctly.
A series of 58 kelleltii from Santa Catalina shows a variation in greater diameter of from 21^ to 27 mm., whorls fVom 5 to 5-|. 26 stearnsiana, mostly from San Diego, vary from 20 to 25^ mm., greater diameter, whorls 5 to 6.
Figuring both series into percentages: —
Of 58 kellettii 27 or 4G.5 per cent, have gr. diam. 25 to 26 mm.
16 THE NAUTILUS.
Of 58 " 43 or 74.1 per cent, have gr. diam. 24 mm., and over.
Of 26 stearnsiana 12 or 46.1 per cent, have gr. diam. 23 to 24 mm.
Of 26 " 21 or 80.7 per cent, have gr. diam. 24 mm. and
under.
Of 58 kellettii 56 or 96.5 per cent, have whorls 5 to 5 +.
Of 26 stearnsiana 19 or 73.1 per cent, whorls 5^ to 5|.
A series of 31 kellettii, selected by Hemphill to show variation in size, shape and color, but not included in above lot, are from 20^ to 31 mm. gr. diam., whorls 4^ to 5^; 23 or 74.2 per cent.; one 24 mm. and over and 18 or 58.6 per cent, have 5 to 5 + whorls.
Summing up : E. kellettii is the species found on Santa Catalina Island, having a large embryonic shell with smooth whorls, surface of all the later whorls faintly granulated ; generally over 24 mm., greatest diam.; whorls 5. (On the mainland at Ft. Vincent, Los Angeles Co., Hemphill found dead shells which agree exactly with those from Santa Catalina, but could find none alive). E. stearnsiana is confined to the mainland and the islands of Lower California. Embryonic shell smaller, sculptured with wavy lines giving it a granulated appearance, remaining whorls smooth except for lines of growth and sometimes faint revolving lines ; greater diam. generally under 24 mm., whorls 5^ to 5|.
There is a wide variation in size, color and shape in both species and a number of the forms of kellettii have been named by Hemp- hill. Measurements below show largest, smallest, most elevated and most depressed of 89 kellettii and 26 stearnsiana in my collection.
E. kellettii, largest, 31 x 26 x 23 mm. whorls 5£.
" smallest, 20^ x 17^ x 16^ mm. whorls — 5.
" elevated, 26 x 23^ x 25 mm. whorls 5^.
" depressed, 26 x 21 x 18 mm. whorls 5.
E. stearnsiana, largest, 25^x 22 x 21^ mm. whorls 6.
" smallest, 20 x 17 x 15£ mm. whorls 5 +.
" elevated, 21 x 20^ x 2<H mm. whorls 5£.
" depressed, 23 x 19^ x 16 mm. whorls 5^.
MOLLUSKS OF OKLAHOMA.
BY JAS. H. FERK1SS.
Few if any shells have been recorded from Oklahoma territory. No state or territory in the Union has figured so little in concholo-
THE NAUTILUS. 17
gical literature. In 1897 I collected a few hours in Oklahoma City, obtaining the following species :
Polygyra texasiana (Moric). Planorbis bicarinatus (Say).
Polygyra monodon (Rack.). Planorbis parvus (Say).
Helicodiscus lineatus (Say). Physa sp.
Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.). Lampsilis anodontoides (Lea).
Zonitoides arborea (Say). Lampsilis purpuratus (Lam.).
Zonitoides nitida (Miill.). Lampsilis gracilis (Bar.).
Euconulus fulvus (Miill.). Lampsilis parvus (Lea).
Strobilops amnis (Pils.). Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea).
Pupoides marginatus (Say). Quadrula pustulosus (Lea).
Bifidaria armigera (Say). Tritogonia tuberculata (Bar.).
Bifidaria contracts (Say). Symphynota complanata (Bar.). Lymnfea probably techella(Hald.). Sphagnum sp.
Planorbis Irivolvis (Say). Pisidium sp.
NEW SPECIES OF PISIDIUM.
BY V. STERKI.
Pis. minusculum, n. sp. Mussel minute, slightly oblique, medium inflated; superior margin short, moderately curved, bounded by slightly projecting, rounded angles; supero-anterior and posterior slopes little curved or straight, posterior end rounded, anterior a rounded angle situated much below the median longitudinal line, inferior margin rather well curved; beakes slightly posterior, rather large, rounded or somewhat flattened, moderately projecting over the hinge margin; surface with very fine, slight striae, somewhat shining, color pale horn, shell translucent; hinge rather stout, car- dinal teeth: the right strongly curved, its posterior part much thicker and grooved, left anterior rather short, well curved, the posterior longer, oblique, curved; "laterals" strong, the outer ones in the right valve well formed; ligament, short, thick.
Long. 2.2, alt. 1.8, diam. 1.5 mill.
Habitat: Fox river, Wisconsin, collected by the late Geo. H. Marston; types in the collection of the University of Wisconsin and that of the Carnegie Museum.
A number of specimens of this little Pisidium was received in 1895 and then recognized as a new species, and again in 1904, when
18 THE NAUTILUS.
the Marston collection was revised. In spite of its small size, it ranges under the group Rivulina, and has resemblance, in shape, with forms of P. compressum Pr. and with handwerkii St.; from the latter it is easily distinguished: it is smaller, more oblique, its beaks are comparatively broader, more posterior, and less elevated, its stria much finer and slighter.
Pis. frctffilltmum, n. sp. Mussel rather small, inequipartite, ob- lique, well inflated ; superior margin short, nearly straight, bounded by angles from which the supero-anterior and posterior slopes fall down nearly straight at first, then passing over the rounded anterior and posterior ends into the moderately curved inferior margin ; an- terior part longer than posterior and anterior end narrower ; beaks somewhat broad and full, well projecting over the superior margin, flattened on top : surface with very fine striae and a few slightly marked lines of growth, dullish, pale horn-colored ; shell subtranslu- cent, very thin and fragile ; hinge very slight, short, but well formed, plate narrow ; cardinal teeth thin, lamellar, nearly straight and longi- tudinal, the right long, its posterior end not or slightly thicker, the left ones rather long, nearly parallel ; " laterals " slight, thin, the anterior short, their cusps close to the cardinals, especially so the left which is high, sharp pointed, abrupt, the right comparatively large ; the outer ones of the right valve small but distinct and rather long ; ligament slight.
Long. 3, alt. 2.6, diam. 1.8 mill.
Habitat: Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, sent for examination by Mr. F. C. Baker. Types are in the collection of the Chicago Acad. Sc., and that of the Carnegie Museum.
Although only ten specimens were seen, this Pisidium is quite distinct by its shape and the formation of the hinge ; the shell is the thinnest and most fragile yet seen in Pisidia. The mussel has some resemblance in shape with P. walkeri St., but is much smaller, shorter, especially its anterior part, the surface sculpture is finer and slighter, and the hinge is quite different. Its closer affinities are yet unknown.
Pis. levissimum. n. sp. Mussel small, somewhat elongate, slightly oblique, moderately inflated; superior margin moderately curved, posterior rounded, sometimes with a slightly projecting, rounded angle at the scutum; inferior slightly curved, supero-anterior slope, at some distance from the beaks, in some specimens straight or
THE NAUTILUS. 19
nearly so, in others obsolete; beaks rather broad, rounded or slightly flattened, little prominent over the upper margin; surface with very fine, slight, irregular strise, shining; color pale horn to light amber, shell translucent to transparent; hinge very slight, long, curved, plate narrow; cardinal teeth: the right rather long, straight or slightly curved, longitudinal, its posterior end more elevated, slightly thicker and projecting downward over the hinge plate, the left ones rather long, nearly longitudinal and parallel, lamellar, the posterior (upper) slightly curved; "lateral teeth": the posterior much longer than the anterior, slight, curved, the right not raised in a cusp, the left with a slight cusp, the right anterior with a rounded, the left with a sharp and abrupt cusp, outer ones in the right valve wanting, or a mere trace of the anterior; ligament slight.
Long. 2. 5, alt. 2.0, diam. 1.4 m., the largest; average: 2.3 m. long.
Habitat: Elk Rapids, Michigan. About 300 specimens were seen, at all stages of growth, most of them dead and bleached shells, sent for examination by Mr. F. C. Baker. Types are in the collection of the Chicago Acad. Sc. and that of the Carnegie Museum.
In shape and appearance, this Pisidium resembles a form of tenw's- simum St., but is much smaller and slighter, and the formation of the hinge is radically different, as ascertained on quite a number of specimens of both species. In fact, the " lateral teeth " are quite different from those of all other Pisidia seen.
PISIDIUM SUBROTUNDUM, n. sp. Mussel small, moderately and regularly to rather well inflated ; outlines oval to short oblong to nearly circular; superior margin straight or nearly so, as especially noticeable in younger specimens ; beaks slightly posterior, rather broad (in most forms), moderately projecting over the hinge margin, thus completing the round outlines, except for the slightly project- ing angles at the scutum and scutellum ; surface with very fine, sub- regular to irregular striae and usually a few well marked lines of growth, dullish to somewhat shining; color horn or light amber to straw to whitish ; shell translucent (in the horn colored) to opaque (in the light colored specimens), thin ; hinge slight and teeth small ; ligament rather short and slight.
Long. 3.2, alt. 2.7, diam. 1.8 (100: 84.4 : ,56.3) average.
Long. 3.6, alt. 3, diam. 2.3 (100 : 83.3 : 63.9) Albany riv.
Long. 2.8, alt. 2.5, diam. 1.8 (100 : 89.3 : 64.3) Isle Royale.
Hab.: New England, Anticosti Is., to Michigan. Jupiter river,
20 THE NAUTILUS.
Anticosti Is., Albany river, Ontario (W. Mclnnes ed., both sent by J. F. Whiteaves); "Vineyard," Pawtuxet, R. I., (J. F. Perry); several places in Aroostook co., Me., (O. P. Nylander); Pine river, Marquette co., and Oswald Lake, Mich. (B. Walker); Isle Royale, Mich. (University of Michigan ; some other specimens from waters on the same island were under doubt). Specimens from Union springs, Ontonagon Co., Mich. (B. Walker), are of somewhat differ- ent shape: the beaks are more posterior and narrower, and the an- terior end is less broadly rounded. One good specimen was among fossils from Arnold's Lake, Washtenaw Co., Mich. (B. Walker.)
Examples of this Pisidium had been in hand for years, un- named, or a part doubtfully referred to other species. Since last year, several good lots from widely distant places came in and proved the species to be valid.
PISIDIUM FRIERSONI n. sp. Mussel rather small, moderately in- flated, outlines somewhat angular ; superior margin slightly curved or nearly straight, with projecting, rounded angles where passing into the supero-anterior and the posterior, which are well marked, and nearly straight, inferior moderately curved ; beaks scarcely posterior, projecting over the hinge margin, rather narrow, with a somewhat flattened central area ; surface with very fine, subregular strias, dull- ish to somewhat shining, color pale horn to straw or whitish, shell translucent to opaque, thin, hinge comparatively rather stout ; right cardinal tooth curved, its posterior end thicker and grooved, left anterior quite short, somewhat V-shaped, posterior rather short, rather steep oblique ; outer laterals of the right valve distinct ; ligament short.
Long. 4, alt. 3.5, diam. 2.5 mill.
Hab. : Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado. — In 1899, Mr. L. G. Frierson sent me quite a number of specimens at all stages of growth, collected at Frierson, La. ; they were regarded as repre- senting a distinct species, but shelved. Since then I have seen the same from Dallas (Cincinnati Museum) and Comal Co., Tex., the Gallinas river, Las Vegas, N. Mex., and a few from Denver, Colo., (T. D. A. Cockerell).
The species seem to range under the group of P. noveboracense Pr., and so far as known, shows little variation. It has been named in honor of Mr. L. G. Frierson.
ERRATUM. — NAUTILUS, February issue, p. 119, line 2 from top: after even, there should be a comma.
New Philadelphia, Ohio.
THE NAUTILUS. 21
A NEW SPHAEBIUM FROM ILLINOIS.
FRANK COLLINS BAKER.
Spheerium stamineum forbesi nov. var.
Shell of good size, inflated, solid, subequilateral, trigonal ; um- bones much elevated, rounded, somewhat inflated, placed a little an- terior of the center of the shell, marked by very fine, concentric lines of growth (sometimes coarser), the beaks very closely approxi- mating ; dorsal and ventral margins well rounded; anterior end flatly rounded, posterior end plough-shaped ; both ends have a somewhat truncated appearance ; umbonal slopes convexly rounded ; surface inclined to be shining, lines of growth rather crowded, tine in typical specimens, coarser in others ; color light greenish or yellowish-horn, lighter on the umbones, indistinctly rayed in some specimens ; liga- ment weak, short, brownish in color ; cardinal teeth similar in form and position to those of stamineum, the hinge-line not quite so thick as in stamineum ; lateral teeth not quite so solid as in stamineum, the posterior laterals also being shorter, not reaching so high up into the arch of the hinge-plait, the comparative distance between the an- terior and posterior laterals being greater in forbesi than in stamineum ; muscle scars and pallial line rather distinct; nacre faint bluish-white, with occasional darker zones.
Length 14.50; height 11.50; breadth 8.00 mill, types. " 12.00 " 10.00 " 7.00 u " " 12.00 " 9.50 " 6.75 " Havana. " 11.00 " 8.50 " 6.50 " " 11.50 " 8.00 " 6.50 " "
Thompson's Lake, Fulton Co. (types) ; Matanzas Bay, Havana, Mason Co.; Little Fox River, White Co. Types: — Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History ; topotypes, Chicago Academy of Sciences, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
This apparently distinct variety of stamineum may be known by its peculiar trigonal shape, plough-shaped posterior end and elevated, inflated umbones. The ventral and dorsal margins are much -more rounded than in stamineum and the lateral teeth are farther apart. The umbonal sculpture is typically very fine, but is also as coarse as typical stamineum in some specimens.
The variety will probably prove to be a common form in many localities and will be easily recognized and separated from typical
22 THE NAUTILUS.
stamineum. Twenty-two specimens from three localities show very little variation.
I take great pleasure in naming this variety in honor of Prof. S. A. Forbes, Director of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.
LIST OF WISCONSIN SHELLS.
C. H. CHADWICK.
(Continued)
C. FRESH-WATER UNIVALVES. Carychium exiguum Say. Milwaukee.
" " exile H. C. Lea. Milwaukee.
Limnsea stagnalis appressa Say. Menomonee River ; Oak Creek near South Milwaukee ; Okauchee Lake and Dela- field, Waukesha Co., Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co. ; Lake Winnebago near High Cliff.
" columella Say. Mill-pond at Delafield, Waukesha Co. '" megasoma Say. Molas Creek, Manitowoc Co. " reflexa Say. Milwaukee and vicinity (abundant); Oak Creek, South Milwaukee ; Sand Ridge Creek, Kenosha Co.; Delafield, Waukesha Co.
" palustris Miiller. Vicinity of Milwaukee ; North shore of Lake Winnebago. (" Var. micltiganensis " Walker is included). catascopium Say. Lake Michigan at Milwaukee.
" " var. approaching L. emarginata Say. Lake
Micl).
'* caperata Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee; Lake Winnebago. " " umbilicata Adams. Milwaukee and southwest-
ward ; Sand Ridge Creek, Kenosha. " humilis Say. Milwaukee (scarce).
" desidiosa Say. Milwaukee and vicinity (abundant); Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co.; North shore of Lake Winne- bago.
Planorbis trii'olvis Sny. Milwaukee (common); Delafield and Okauchee, Waukesha Co.; Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co. " frivol vis (large form). Molas Creek, Manitowoc Co.
THE NAUTILUS. 23
Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Milwaukee and vie.; Golden Lake, Waukesha Co.; Little Cedar Lake, Washington Co., Lake Winnebago.
'< bicarinatus striatus Baker. Milwaukee (fossil). " campanulatus Say. Milwaukee aud vicinity (common); Delafield, Okauchee and Golden Lake, Waukesha Co.; Little Cedar Lake, Washington Co.; Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co.; Crystal Lake near Elkhart Lake. Planorbis hirsutus Gould. Two rivers, Manitowoc Co.
" deflectus Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee; Cedar Lake,
Washington Co.; Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co. " parvus Say. Milwaukee and southwestward. Seymentina armigera Say. Milwaukee and southwestward; Two
Rivers, Manitowoc Co. Ancylus rivularis Say. Root River, Milwaukee Co.
" paralellus Raid., var. St. Martin's, Milwaukee Co. " shimeki Pils. Near Wauwatosa, (one shell). Physa sayii Tappan. Milwaukee; Golden Lake, Waukesha Co.;
Lake Winnebago near High Cliff.
" gyrl'nt* Say. Vicinity of Milwaukee and southwestward (abundant;) Sand Ridge Creek near Kenosha; Two Rivers, Manitowoc Co.; Lake Winnebago. " "• elliptica Lea. Vicinity of Milwaukee.
" intcgra. Haldeman. Milwaukee and vicinity (common;)
Golden Lake, Waukeslia Co. ApJexa hypnorum Linne. Milwaukee.
Pleurocera subulare pallidum Lea (?) Lake Winnebago near
High Cliff.
" elevatum Say. Milwaukee River at Lindwurm. Goniobasis livescens Menke. Milwaukee River and Lake Michigan. Amnicola limosa Say. Milwaukee River; Lake Michigan; Lake
Winnebago near High Cliff. <k '' parva Lea. Near Milwaukee.
" " porafa Say. Lake Michigan at Milwaukee.
" lustrica Pils. Honey Creek near Layton Park, Mil-
waukee.
" cincinnatiensisLiQa. Milwaukee and Menomonee rivers;
Lake Winnebago near High Cliff.
" euirtrginata Kti -ter. Lake Winnebago near High Cliff.
24 THE NAUTILUS.
Somatogyrus subglobosus Say. Root River and Kinnikinnick River, Milwaukee Co.; Kenoslia; Lake Winne- bago.
Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Near Wauwatosa, Milwaukee Co. Valvata tricarinata Say. Milwaukee and vicinity (abundant);
Lake Winnebago.
" " simplex Gould. Lake Michigan at Mil-
waukee
" bicarinata normal is Walker? North Milwaukee. " sincera Say. Near Milwaukee.
Vivipara contectoides W. G. B. Kinnikinnick River (one shell.) Gampeloma rufum Haldeman. Okauchee Lake, Waukesha Co.; Little Cedar Lake, Washington Co.; Lake Winne- bago.
" decisum Say. Milwaukee and vicinity; Root River, Milwaukee Co.; Two Rivers, Manitovvoc Co.; Lake Winnebago.
" subsolldurn Anth. Milwaukee and vicinity; Oak Creek, South Milwaukee; Molas Creek, Manitowoc Co. Lioplax subcarinata Say. Lenosha; Lake Winnebago.
NOTES.
In the May number of the NAUTILUS in an extract from Bulletin 49, Florida Agricultural Experiment station, the writer stated that he did not know how long the ^Manatee snail (DrymoEus dormum") had been living on orange trees in Manatee County.
I lived in that county near Bradentown from 1882 until 1886, and during all my residence there diligently collected the land, fresh-water and marine mollusks of that region. During my resi- dence there I collected Drym&us dormani in moderate numbers liv- ing on the orange trees of a grove in hammock land west of Braden- town, and rarely on trees in a grove north of Manatee river. I also found a few specimens in the Foster Orange Grove south of Mana- tee. I found several hundred dead shells in the heavy hammock among live oaks north of the Manatee river, and rarely in the air pines on live oaks elsewhere, but I never considered it abundant any- where.
It may be of interest to state that Mr. E. J. Brown, a neighbor of mine, has found a few specimens of the nearly allied species (D. dominions) living on his grapefruit and orange trees, and two or three specimens of D. multilineatus on his trees. Drymczvs domlnicus is rather a scarce species in this region. CIIAS. T. SIMPSON.
Little River, Florida, May 21, 1906.
THE NAUTILUS, XX
PLATE I.
9
8
WALKER, ON VALVATA.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XX. JULY, 19O6. No. 3.
NOTES ON VALVATA.
BY BRYANT WALKER.
In 1824 Say described an ecarinate form of Valvata from the "Northwest Territory "as V. sincera. In 1856 Dr. James Lewis described a somewhat similar shell from the Little Lakes, N. Y., as V. striata. W. G. Binney (L. & F. W. Shells III, 13.) in 1865, had "no doubt of its identity with V. sincera." In this decision Dr. Lewis seems to have acquiesced as it is not mentioned at all in his " L. & F. W. Shells of New York " (1874), nor was it listed in his collection.
In 1868, however, A. 0. Currier (Shell-bearing Moll, of Mich. p. 9.) declared Lewis' species to be a valid one and striata being pre- occupied proposed for it the name of lewisii.
Binney's opinion seems to have generally prevailed among Amer- ican conchologists until within the last year, when Dr. W. H. Dall (Alaska XIII, pp. 22 & 23) declared them to be specifically distinct.
From a critical study of several hundred specimens from more than fifty different localities, I have come to a similar conclusion, viz : that there are two distinct species which have hitherto passed as Say's sincera. The one, smaller, more elevated, with a smaller umbilicus, the other, larger, more depressed and widely umbilicated. Both vary in sculpture from being nearly smooth, with subobsolete strias to very strongly sculptured forms in which the striae are ele- vated in " thin, sharp lamellae. "
Owing to the prevalent confusion of the two forms, the existing
26 THE NAUTILUS.
records afford but little information as to whether their distribution is the same or not. Taking them together, sincera is apparently a northern form ranging through Canada and the northern United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Its range to the south seems comparatively restricted, especially in the pastern states, northern New York, Michigan, northern Illinois and Indiana, and Nebraska being apparently the southern limit, as it is not listed from Philadelphia (Shick) nor Allegheny Co., Pa. (Stupakoff), Cincin- nati (Harper & Wetherby), nor Tuscarawas Co., Ohio (Sterki), nor in any of the Iowa,, Missouri, Arkansas or Kansas lists. I am in- formed by Mr. F. C. Baker that the southern range (south to Geor- gia and Louisiana) attributed to this species in his " Mollusca of the Chicago Area," was a typographical error and should have been placed under V. tricarinata. In the extreme west, it would seem to range further south, as Dall quotes the broadly umbilicated form from the San Bernardino Mountains, Cal., and Utah. Ingersoll also (Rep. U. S. G. & G. Survey, 1874, p. 390) quotes sincera from Colorado and Utah. The only Utah specimens I have seen, are rather referable to V. humerolis Say. and it is possible that all these extreme southwestern citations should be revised.
VALVATA SINCERA Say, PI. I, figs. 1-6.
As Say's type of V. sincera has not been preserved, in determin- ing which of the two forms, which have hitherto passed under that name, is to be regarded as sincera we are necessarily re- stricted to his original description and figure (a very poor one) and such legitimate deductions as can be drawn from the circum- stances under which his description was prepared, and his other writings. When Say described his new species in 1824, the only American species known to him was the typical V. tricarinata and his purpose was to differentiate these two forms. Owing, no doubt, to the striking and characteristic sculpture of Y. tricarinata, Say omitted any description of general shape. He states that V- sincera is " subglobose-conic " and " very similar " to tricarinata, but with a " rather larger " umbilicus. And later in describing his V. humeralis, he states that it is " subglobose " and " more depressed " than sincera. It hardly seems possible that Say with his remarkable acumen and critical appreciation of minute differences, would have failed to call attention to the depressed form and very wide umbili-
THE NAUTILUS. 27
cus in differentiating his new species from tricarinata, had he had before him a specimen of lewisii. Then too, his figure, whatever else may be said of it, was certainly never intended to represent a shell of that form. Say further describes his species as having the whorls " finely and regularly wrinkled across." An examination of Say's descriptions of other species, especially his earlier ones, will show that he commonly used the terms " wrinkles " and " wrinkled " in the same sense that today we would use stria? and striate. Thus Polygyra albolabris, thyroides, profunda and sayii, Pyramidula soli- taria, Gircinaria concava and Bulimulus dealbatus are characterized as " wrinkled." Bulimulus multilatus is " striated with regular ele- vated lines or wrinkles." And Valvata humeralis is stated to be " wrinkled across or rather with slightly raised lines."
Taking all these things into consideration, we should say that Say's sincera was a subglobose-conic shell, of about the same size and shape of V- tricarinata, but with a rather larger umbilicus and with accurately rounded, finely and regularly striated whorls. Shells answering very exactly to these requirements were collected by the Michigan Fish Commission in 1894, at High Island Harbor, Beaver Islands, Lake Michigan, and were listed as that species, though with no appreciation of its distinction from lewisii (Bull. Mich. Fish Com. No. 6, 99 ; Naut. IX, 5). And there would seem to be no reasonable objection to these being considered as typical examples of Say's species.
As shown by the figures (figs. 1-3) the general shape of the shell, with its " accurately rounded " whorls and round, deep umbilicus is in exact accord with the original diagnosis. The surface is sculptured with fine, close, regular, thread-like stria?, with a marked tendency in many examples to rise in thin, sharp ribs approximating to those of nylanderi. But in no instance are these more elevated ribs as strongly developed as in that form, nor are they so widely spaced. The specimen figured has 3| whorls and measures : Alt. 4, diam. 5 mm.
Many of the specimens have the apical whorls more or less deeply tinged with dull red, the rest of the shell is of a pale greenish, with the apical whorls nearly white in the unicolored examples.
There is some slight variation in height and correlated with that, in the width of the umbilicus, but not sufficient to connect them specifically with the widely umbilicated leioisii.
28 THE NAUTILUS.
Through the kindness of Dr. Whiteaves I have been enabled to examine some of the Anticosti shells referred to by Dr. Dall. Com- pared with the High Island specimens, these (figs. 4-6) are thinner* less heavily striated, with a rather wider umbilicus, and the body whorl is less inflated, but they evidently belong to the same species.
As above defined, V. sincera appears to be a less abundant species than lewisii, but of considerable range, though apparently rather local in its habitats. Specimens have been examined from the following localities, in addition to those above mentioned : River Rouge, Wayne county ; Mill Lake, Lake county and Lake Michigan, off New York Point, Charlevoix county, Michigan ; Pigeon Lake, Ontario and Milwaukee, Wis. Some immature specimens from Lake George, N. Y., should also probably be included. It has also been found in the marl deposits at Cement City, Jackson county; Ann Arbor; Monitor, Bay county, and Pine Lake, Charlevoix county, Michigan, and Caribou, Me. As all the marl specimen s are decorticated, it is impossible to say whether they were originally typical sincera or var. nylanderi.
V. SINCERA NTLANDERI Dall. PI. I, figS. 7-9.
Judging from the suite examined, nylanderi (figs. 7 and 8) in its original locality is a well marked constant form, and standing alone might well be accorded specific rank. But as stated above, the specimens from High Island Harbor, show decided tendency to ac- centuate the stria?, and in a considerable number from Isle Royale, Lake Superior (collection of 1905), where typical sincera is not represented, all the gradations from close, elevated ribs to the wide spaced lamellae of typical nylanderi are represented. So that there would seem to be no question, but that it is to be considered as a varietal form of Say's species. This form in its various aspects has also been found in Cliff river and Pine Lake, Marquette county, Michigan ; Little Lakes, N. Y., and Lake Geneva, Wis. An un- usually elevated example from Isle Royale, is illustrated by fig. 9.
V. SINCERA DANIELSI, n. v. PI. I, figs. 10 and 11.
Shell larger and proportionately higher than the typical form ; whorls 4, finely and regularly striate, very convex with a deeply im- pressed suture. Aperture entire, scarcely appressed to the body whorl.
Alt. 6, diam. 5.75 mm.
THE NAUTILUS. 29
Cannon Lake, Rice county, Minn., Types No. 22475, coll. Walker. Cotypes in the collections of L. E. Daniels and the Phila- delphia Academy. Sixteen specimens of this fine large form were collected by Mr. Daniels. They differ uniformly from the High Island typical form in the particulars mentioned.
VALVATA LEWISII Currier. PI. I, figs. 12 and 13.
Dr. Lewis distinguished his V- striata by reason of its having the " epidermis brown and very regularly striate." In the same paper (Proc. P. A. N. S., 1856, 260) he describes " V. sincera" from the same locality as having the " shell smooth and polished, white and translucent." While unfortunately he does not seem to keep any examples of his typical striata in his own collection, there is a set from the Little Lakes labelled " sincera " which agrees with his de- scription and which are the same as the form herein described as F bicarinata perdepressa. This leaves practically no doubt as to his striata being the ordinary striate form.
F lewisii in its aggregate form is exceedingly variable in regard to sculpture, ranging from the smooth or obsoletely striate var. heli- coidea to a heavily ribbed form in which the ribs become low, closely spaced lamella? very similar to the Isle Royale form of sincera nylanderi. In well developed examples of this form, the ribs give a brownish appearance to the shell, especially when not well cleaned, and it is possible that such specimens were the types of Lewis' species, and if varietal distinction were to be made between this and the more common form in which the sculpture is " fine and close like the wind- ing of thread on a spool," it should be considered as the typical lewisii.1 From the material before me, however, I fail to find suffi- cient evidence of any racial distinction in this particular, (as there is apparently in the case of V. sincera nylanderi) to justify such action. The two forms apparently live together and grade indefinitely into each other.
V. BICARINATA Lea. PI. I, fig. 14.
When I prepared my former paper on Valvata (NAUT., XV, p. 123) I had not seen Prof. B. Shimek's " Mollusca of Eastern Iowa," (Bui. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ., la., I, p. 56, 1888) in which the specific validity of this species is upheld.
1 This will have to be determined from examination of authentic author's specimens which I have not been able to obtain.
30 THE NAUTILUS.
For comparison with the other forms herein discussed, a typical example is figured.
V' bicarinata has recently been collected by Messrs. H. H. Smith and A. A. Hinkley at several localities in Alabama, greatly extend- ing its range towards the south.
V. BICARINATA CONNECTANS n. V.
Unicarinate, only the superior carina present, peripheral and basal carinae obsolete, periphery rounded, base rounded or subangulated. Type No. 24142, coll. Walker. Lake Michigan, New Buffalo, Mich., also Lake Ontario, N. Y. Cotype in collection of L. E. Daniels, LaPorte, Ind.
Apparently of rather rare occurrence as only two specimens, wera collected by Mr. Daniels in a considerable amount of material from several localities along the south shore of Lake Michigan. A single specimen also was found in a small set of V. bicarinata perdepressa from Lake Ontario, N. Y., received from Mr. F. C. Baker. This specimen is of special interest as illustrating the relation of this form and the succeeding one. Beginning as a typical connectans, the carina disappears about the beginning of the last whorl which is that of a typical perdepressa.
V. BICARINATA PERDEPRESSA n. V. PI. I, figS. 15 and 16.
Shell broadly umbilicated, very much depressed, often planorboid. Ecarinate, whorls regularly rounded, occasionally subangulated around the umbilicus or at the periphery, smooth or obsoletely striate, frequently obscurely malleated, especially on the lower half of the whorl, very pale horn-colored, unicolored or with the apical whorls more or less tinged with dull purple or red. Types (No. 24123, coll. Walker) from Lake Michigan at Michigan City, Ind. Also from Lake Michigan at Chicago, Ills., Millers, Ind., New Buffalo, Mich., Lake Erie at Sandusky, Ohio, Lake Ontario at Jefferson
county and ?, N. Y., and Little Lakes, N. Y. Cotypes in
the collection of L. E. Daniels, LaPorte, Ind., and the Philadelphia Academy.
This form is very abundant along the south shore of Lake Michi- gan. It would be taken for a smooth form of V, lewisii, were it not for the connecting links with V. bicarinata afforded by the occasional subangulated individuals and bicarinata connectans. It is very vari-
THE NAUTILUS. 31
able in shape, ranging from planorboid with the apex depressed below the level of the body whorl to specimens with the apex quite as much elevated as in the ordinary specimens of lewisii. In sculp- ture it varies from almost perfectly smooth to a striation nearly as strong as that of typical lewisii. Indeed the more elevated and strongly striated examples standing alone would unhesitatingly be re- ferred to that species.
Dr. Dall, who kindly compared specimens with his V~ lewisii heli- coidea writes : " The figured specimen (helicoidea} should have (to be adult) about one-half more whorl than it has in the figure. Some of yours, if the same view be taken, are almost exactly like the speci- men figured. But, on comparison of adults, it is evident that the lewisii helicoidea has a smaller umbilicus ; and, taken in profile, is less flattened. Your specimens, too, are on the whole smoother and more polished. The value of these differences remains to be deter- mined."
The wider umbilicus in the Lake Michigan shells is undoubtedly correlated with the more depressed shape. The specimens collected by Lewis in the Little Lakes, N. Y., are indistinguishable from those from Lake Michigan. The Lake Erie and Lake Ontario specimens are uniformly smaller, but otherwise substantially the same.
The difficulty in finding any tangible distinction between the more elevated, substriated individuals of this form and the obsoletely striated examples of V- lewisii is similar to that experienced in at- tempting to separate V- tricarinata simplex from the smooth or obso- letely striated forms of V. sincera. And this naturally raises a query as to whether there are really more than two polymorphic species differing constantly in shape, but both varying in sculpture, all the way from tricarinate to smooth, and from smooth to ribbed-striate. Both series are complete and parallelism is absolutely exact.
Group of Group of
V. tricarinata. V. bicarinata.
Tricarinate, V- tricarinata. V- bicarinata nor-
malis.
Bicarinate, Y. tricarinata confusa. V- bicarinata.
Unicarinate, V. tricarinata unicarinata. V- bicarinata con-
nectans.
Smooth, Y> tricarinata simplex. V. bicarinata per-
depressa.
32 THE NAUTILUS.
Obsoletely striate, V. sincera (Anticosti). V. lewisiihelicoidea.
Thread-striate, V. sincera. V. lewisii (var. ?)
Ribbed-striate, V. sincera nylanderi. V. leivisii (typical ?)
In view of the recognized variability of all these forms, the in- ference to be drawn would seem inevitable.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.
All the figures are drawn on the same scale (X 5) except 4, 5 and 6 which were drawn by Miss Helen Winchester, and these are sub- stantially the same.
Fig. 1-3. V. sincera, High Island Harbor, Lake Michigan.
" 4—6. V. sincera, Anticosti.
" 7—9. V. sincera nylanderi, Portage Lake, Aroostook Co., Me.
" 9. V. sincera nylanderi, Isle Royale, Mich.
" 10-11. V. sincera danielsi, Cannon Lake, Rice Co., Minn.
" 12-13. V. lewisii, Traverse City, Mich.
" 14. V. bicarinata, Philadelphia, Pa.
" 15-16. V. bicarinata perdepressa, Lake Mich., Michigan City, Ind.
HELIX JEJUNA SAY TRANSFERRED TO PRATICOLELLA.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
Recently I received from Mr. George H. Clapp some living ex- amples of this small snail, with a request that they be examined anatomically to determine the generic position of the form, which has of recent years been grouped with the small Polygyras of the " Mesodon " type.
The snails were collected at Lemon City, Dade Co., Florida, by Mr. Chas. T. Simpson. Externally the soft parts do not differ from Polygyra and many other genera of Helices.
The terminal ducts of the genitalia are shown in Fig. 1. The penis bears the retractor and vas deferens at its apex. Near the base a very large gland or " appendix " is inserted (a in the figure). This seems to be a nearly solid but soft and readily broken gland. The vagina is more than half as long as the penis. The spermatheca
THE NAUTILUS.
33
is large and oblong, upon an extremely short duct. Other organs as usual in Helices.
No Polygyra or " Mesodon " lias a gland or appendix upon the penis, but in the Mexican genus Praticolella, represented in Texas by P. griseola and P. berlandieriana, a similar structure is found. I do not hesitate to refer jejuna to the genus Praticolella on the evi- dence of this peculiar organ, which has been noticed in no other genus of Helices within our limits. The Floridian snail differs from the Texan and Mexican forms by having an apparently simple penis retractor muscle, while in the other species it is split and has a triple
Fig. 1. P, penis; p, r, its retractor; a, penial gland ; vd, vas deferens ; ut, uterus ; sp, spernatheca ; vag, vagina.
insertion on penis and vas deferens. This simple condition was probably the ancestral structure of the genus, since it is that of all other related Helices.
The shell of this species, which we will now call Praticolella je- juna (Say), agrees somewhat better with that of Praticolella than with any other of our genera of Helices. Not much is known of the habits of the snail. It is quite a local form, which I never happened upon at Miami or elsewhere in some half-dozen visits to Florida. Mr. S. N. Rhoads found it on the " under side of young cabbage palms" at Miami. Further information upon the situations it affects will be of interest In Texas, Praticolella berlandieriana lives on bushes with Bulimulus dealbatus mooreanus, but during prolonged dry weather it burrows in the ground.
34 THE NAUTILUS.
SOME SHELLS OF MISSISSIPPI AND ALABAMA.
BY A. A. HINKLEY.
In the fall of 1904, with the aid of some of my conchological friends, for the purpose of collecting in that region, a trip was made to Abbeville, Grenada, Durant and Columbus, Mississippi, and Tuscaloosa, Boligee, Tuscumbia and Florence, Alabama.
The streams along the Illinois Central railroad where stops were made, have sandy beds and not favorable for molluscan life, with the exception of two specimens of Pleurocera elevatum, no representatives of the StrepomatidcB were found in these streams.
In determination of material collected thanks are due Messrs. Bryant Walker, Wm. A. Marsh, L. S. Frierson, Dr. V. Sterki, F. C. Baker and H. A. Pilsbry.
Family HEI.ICINID^E. Helicina orbiculata Say. Boligee, Ala., dead specimens only.
Family HELICID.E.
Polygyra leporina Gould. Abbeville and Columbus, Miss., Boligee, Ala.
Polygyra troostiana Lea. Florence, Ala.
Polygyra fraudulenta Pilsbry. Florence, Ala.
Polygyra inflecta Say. A common species found at all localities.
Polygyra exoleta Binney. Florence, Ala.
Polygyra palliata Say. Abbeville, Miss., Boligee and Tuscaloosa, Ala.
Polygyra obstricta Say. Columbus, Miss., Florence, Ala.
Polygyra appressa Say. Florence, Ala.
Polygyra appressa perigrapta Pilsbry. Grenada and Columbus, Miss.
Polygyra thyroides Say. Abbeville, Grenada and Columbus, Miss., Tuscaloosa, Boligee and Florence, Ala. At Boligee they were numerous along the railroad right of way. Ic the same situa- tion though not as numerous were P. clausa and B. dealbatus.
Polygyra clausa Say. Boligee, Ala., varies a little in size and thickness of the shell.
Polygyra spinosa Lea. Florence, Ala. Common on both sides of the river.
THE NAUTILUS. 35
Polygyra barbigera Redfield. Tuscaloosa, Ala., a rare species.
Polygyra subglobosa Pilsbry. Columbus, Miss., Tuscaloosa and Florence, Ala.
Polygyra monodon Rack. Abbeville and Columbus, Miss., Florence, Ala.
Family BULIMULID^E.
Bulimulus dealbatus Say. Boligee, Ala. Dead specimens were very numerous in some of the fields.
Family PUPILLID^E.
Strobilopsis labyrinthica Say. Boligee, Ala., Abbeville, Durant and Columbus, Miss.
Pupoides fallax Say. Boligee and Florence, Ala.
Bifidaria armifera Say. Boligee, Ala.
Bifidaria contracta Say. Boligee, Ala.
Bifidaria procera Gould. Boligee and Florence, Ala. At the former place it was found in tufts of grass in an open field, at the latter under stones in an open close pastured place along the river.
Family GLANDINID^E.
Glandina truncata Brug. Boligee, Ala. The remains of nests of eggs were often found about old logs and young shells were quite common. A mature horn-colored specimen was an interesting varia- tion.
Family CIRCINARIID^E. Circinaria concava Say. Tuscaloosa, Boligee and Florence, Ala.
Family
Omphalina fuliginosa Griff. Florence, Ala.
Omphalina laevigata Pfr. Abbeville, Grenada and Columbus, Miss., Tuscaloosa, Boligee and Florence, Ala.
Vitrea carolinensis Ckll. Boligee and Florence, Ala.
Euconulus fulvus Mull. Abbeville, Miss., Boligee, Ala.
Zonitoides arborea Say. Abbeville, Grenada Durant and Colum- bus, Miss., Boligee, Ala.
Zonitoides minuscula Binney. Boligee, Ala.
Gastrodonta demissa Binney. Columbus, Miss., Tuscaloosa, Bo- ligee and Florence, Ala.
Gastrodonta interna Say. Tuscaloosa and Florence, Ala.
36 THE NAUTILUS.
Family ENDODONTID^E.
Pyramidula alternata, Say. Abbeville, Grenada and Columbus, Miss., Tuscaloosa and Boligee, Ala.
(To be continued}.
NOTES.
THE RAVENEL COLLECTION — The museum of the College of Charleston, S. C., has acquired the valuable conchological collection of the late Dr. Edmund Raven el, of Charleston, which contains some 3,500 species of land, fresh-water and marine shells.
LYMN^EA MEGASOMA SAY. — Fine specimens of this rare species have recently been taken at Lake Minnetonka, Minn., by Mrs. A. W. Abbott of Minneapolis.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
NOTES ON JAPANESE, INDO-PACIFIC, AND AMERICAN PYRAMID- ELLIDJE. By Wm. H. Dall and Paul Bartsch, (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pages 321-369, plates XVII-XXVI, 1906). This valuable work on the PyramideUidae is based in part on the collec- tion of the museum of Berlin loaned to the U. S. National Museum for study. Some 22 new species are described and figured, and a number of new names are proposed to replace those pre-occupied. Three new subgenera Nisiturris, Bobella and Egilina are also defined.
DESCRIPTION OF Two NEW NAIADS. By Paul Bartsch, (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXX, pages 393-396, Plates 27-29, 1906). The species are Nephronaias flucki from Nicaragua and Diplodon cmapen- sis from Argentina.
RECENT MOLLUSCA : A CATALOGUE OP OPERCULATE LAND SHELLS. By G. B. Sowerby and H. Fulton. London, 1906. A useful list of genera and species arranged " with slight modifications " according to Kobelt and MollendorfF's catalogue.
ANATOMY OF ACM.EA TESTUDINALIS MULLER, Part I. Intro- ductory material. External anatomy. By M. A. Willcox. Reprint the American Naturalist, Vol. XL, pp. 171-187, 1906.
THE NAUTILUS, XX.
PLATE II
RAYMOND: WEST AMERICAN SPECIES OF GENOTA
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XX. AUGUST, 19O6. No. 4.
THE WEST AMERICAN SPECIES OF PLEUROTOMA, SUBGENUS GENOTA.
BY WILLIAM JAMES RAYMOND.
Five species of the subgenus Genota, section Dolichotoma, have been described from the Pacific coast of North America. Three of the species have been figured ; two have not hitherto. Specimens of all five, including the types of four, being temporarily in possession of the writer, it seemed desirable to bring them together in a single photographic plate. Apparently derived from a common stock, and arising in late tertiary time, the nominal species are closely allied. Yet there is convenience in retaining the present specific designa- tions of forms which are readily distinguishable. Two of the species have not thus far been found living. As the deeper water along the coast is explored, they may possibly be discovered in the dredge, together with other forms not now known.
Pleurotoma ( Genota) carpenleriana Gabb.
Pleurotoma (Surcula) carpenteriana Gabb. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1865, p. 183 ; Pal. Cal., vol. 2, p. 5, pi. 1, fig. 8.
Pliocene — San Fernando and Santa Rosa (Gabb) ; San Diego (Ball).
Pleistocene — Santa Barbara and San Pedro (Gabb); San Pedro, San Diego and Ventura (Arnold) ; Santa Monica (Rivers).
Living — Drake's Bay, 30 fathoms (Arnheim); Monterey to San Diego (Cooper); San Pedro, Santa Catalina Island and San Diego, 10 to 100 fathoms (Raymond); Cerros Island (Dall).
This is the largest and most plentiful species of the group. It is
38 THE NAUTILUS.
characterized by a regularly fusiform outline, eight whorls, fine spiral sculpture, slight concavity near the suture, slight convexity of the anterior part of the upper whorls, the obtuse shoulder thus formed being below the middle of each whorl and sometimes ornamented with inconspicuous nodes. Plate II, fig. 1, illustrates Gabb's type, found in the pleistocene of Santa Barbara. It is the property of the University of California. Fig. 3 shows an example close to type. It was dredged in about 100 fathoms, off Santa Catalina Island. Length 80 mm. In fig. 2 the nodes are distinguishable, which when better developed are a diagnostic feature of the next species. Length 54 mm.
Pleurotoma (Genota} tryoniana Gabb.
Pleurotoma (Surcula) tryoniana Gabb, Pal. Cal., vol. 2, p. 6, pi. 1, fig. 9.
Pleistocene — San Pedro (Gabb); Santa Barbara and San Pedro (Cooper); Santa Monica (Rivers).
Living — San Diego (Cooper); San Pedro (Oldroyd).
Typically the angular, nodose whorls, eight in number, separate this species from Genota carpenteriana, but intermediate forms like the example shown in fig. 2 are found rarely, and indicate the close alli- ance of the two species. Plate II, fig 7, illustrates Gabb's type, found in the pleistocene of San Pedro. Fig. 8 represents a specimen found at Santa Monica. Its length is 62 mm.
Pleurotoma (Genota) cooperi Arnold. Mem. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, p. 203, pi. vii, fig. 3.
Pleistocene. — San Pedro (Arnold); Santa Monica (Rivers).
Characterized by the angular whorls, seven or eight in number, decidedly concave above the nodose angle, with relatively sharp sculpture. The nodes are more numerous than in the last species and become less prominent toward the aperture. Aperture less than waif the length of the shell. Plate II, fig. 10, illustrates the single specimen found in the pleistocene of Santa Monica.
Pleurotoma (Genota} stearnsiana Raymond. NAUTILUS, Vol. XVIII, p. 1.
Living. — San Diego and Santa Catalina Island, 25 to 40 fathoms (Raymond).
THE NAUTILUS. 39
The species is characterized by its small size, eight or more whorls, relatively wide form and broad color bands. Plate II, fig. 6, represents the type. Length 30.5 mm. An old specimen, length 41.5 mm., is shown in fig. 5, and a younger example in fig. 4. All are from San Diego.
Pleurotoma ( Genota~) riversiana Raymond. NAUTILUS, Vol. XVIII, p. 14.
Pliocene. — Santa Monica (Rivers).
Characterized by narrow form, sharply expressed sculpture and obtuse angle above the middle of the whorls. Plate II, fig. 9, illustrates the type which thus far is the only specimen found. Length 59 mm.
University of California, July, 1906.
NOTE ON THE GENUS GLABARIS GRAY OR PATULARIA SWAINSON,
BY WILLIAM HEALY DALL.
The genus Patularia Swainson, appears in his Malacology (1840) pp. 287 and 381. There are two species of which the first is Anodon ovatus Swainson, Exotic Conchology pi. xxxvi, 1823, (2nd ed. by Hanley, p. 30, 1841) not Iridina ovata Swainson, Phil. Mag., 1823. The second species A, rotundatus Swainson, is doubtfully referred to Anodonta by Simpson in his Synopsis, p. 638. If it be as he sup- poses synonymous with A. woodiana Lea, Swainson's name dating from 1823, will of course take precedence. In 1841 Swainson cites under his Patularia ovata Anodonta trapesialis Lamarck, and Han- ley points out that the latter specific name, being four years older, must take precedence of ovatus Swainson. Anodonta trapesialis, however, in modern classification, is a typical Glabaris of Gray. But Glabaris Gray, dates only from 1847, when the name was applied to A. exotica Lamarck, by Gray, in his list of generic syn- onyms, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, p. 197.
It would seem, therefore, that, since the first species and type of Patularia is a Glabaris, that the former name should be substituted for the latter in our systems. An examination of the nomenclators fails to show any earlier use of the generic name Patularia in zoology and there seems to be no reason which would militate against its adoption.
40 THE NAUTILUS.
A careful examination of the text of the second edition of the Exotic Conehology shows that this is the only name included in it which is likely to affect the existing nomenclature.
SOME SHELLS OF MISSISSIPPI AND ALABAMA.
BY A. A. II1NKLEY.
(Concluded from July Number , p. 36).
Family SUCCINEID^E.
Succinea concordialis Gould. Durant, Miss., one dead shell was all found. In the summer of 1904 this species was plentiful at the R. R. bridge across Little Muddy near Du Bois, 111.
Succinea aurea Lea. Florence, Ala.
Family LIMNAEID^E.
Lymncea desidiosa Say. Tuscaloosa and Florence, Ala. Lymner.a caper ata Say. Boligee, Ala. Lymncea cohimella Say. Florence, Ala. Physa gyrina Say. Florence, Ala. Physa heterostropha Say. Tuscumbia, Ala. Physa pomilia Conrad. A rill below Columbus, Miss. Physa troostiana Lea. Spring above Florence, Ala. Planorbis trivolvis var. glabratus Say. Shoal creek, Florence, Ala.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. Durant, Miss. One specimen.
Planorbis dilatatus Gould. Grenada, Miss.
Segmentina wheatleyi Lea. Boligee, Ala.
Ancylns elatior Anthony. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Ancylus kirklandi Walker. Tombigbee and Yalabusha rivers.
Ancylus rhodaceus Walker. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Family AURICULID^E.
Carychium exiguum Say. Abbeville, Miss. Only found two specimens.
Family STREPOMATIDJE.
Io spinosa Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala. One specimen only of this fine species was found.
THE NAUTILUS. 41
Angitrema salebrosa Conrad. Tennessee river, Florence, common.
Angitrema subglobosa Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Angitrema tuomeyi Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala. A few were found in 1894 but none this time.
Angitrema duttoniana Lea ?. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Angitrema lima Conrad. Cypress Creek, Florence, Ala. A few faintly banded.
Angitrema verrucosa Raf. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Lithasia Jlorentina Lea. Cypress and Shoal creeks, Florence, Ala. Found only a few.
Lithasia nuceola Anthony. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala. Doubtful determination.
Lithasia curta Lea. Tennessee river and Shoal creek, Florence, Ala.
Strephobasis plena Anthony. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Strephobasis curta Hald. Tennessee river and Shoal creek, Flo- rence, Ala.
Pleurocera alveare. Tennessee river, Cypress and Shoal creeks, Florence, Ala.
Pleurocera undulatum Say. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Pleurocera excuralum Conrad. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Pleurocera moniliferum Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Pleurocera ponderosum Anthony. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Pleurocera moriforme Lea. Tennesee river, Florence, Ala.
Pleurocera thorntonii Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Pleurocera annuliferum Conrad. Black Warrior, Tuscaloosa, Ala.
Pleurocera elevatum Lea. Yallabusha river, Granada, Miss. Only two specimens found, they were covered with a thick deposit which being removed revealed a polished, olive colored epidermus and two strong bands.
Pleurocera trivittatum Lea. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.
Pleurocera incurvum Lea. Cypress creek, Florence, Ala.
Pleurocera alabamensis Lea. Cypress creek, Florence, Ala.
Pleurocera olivaceum Lea. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.
Pleurocera lativittatum Lea. Shoal creek, Florence, Ala.
Goniobasis acuta Lea. Florence, Ala.
Goniobasis formosa Conrad. Florence, Ala.
Goniobasis hydeii Conrad. Black Warrior, Tuscaloosa, Ala.
Goniobasis interveniens Lea. Florence, Ala.
42 THE NAUTILUS.
Goniobasis nassula Conrad. Spring in Tuscumbia, Ala.
Goniobasis thorntonii Lea. Spring in Tuscumbia, Ala.
Goniobasis aterina Lea. Florence, Ala. Found with Pomatiopsis Mnkleyi.
Goniobasis nitens Lea. Florence, Ala. This determination is doubtful.
Goniobasis adusta Anthony. Spring near Cypress creek, Flo- rence, Ala.
Goniobasis paupercula Lea. Small stream above Florence, Ala.
Euryccelon crassa Hald. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala. Only one very young shell found. When at this place in 1894 this form was found of all sizes with three wide bands and the carina of the young shells remarkably developed, Pilsbry says this is Eu. anthonyi.
Anculosa carinata Brug. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala. A few specimens can be referred to no other species and are put under this name with some doubt.
Anculosa subglobosa Say. Tennessee river and Shoal creek, Flo- rence, Ala.
Anculosa praerosa, Say. Tennessee river and Cypress creek, Florence, Ala.
Anculosa tintinnabulum Tennessee river and Shoal creek, Florence, Ala.
Family VIVIPARIDVE.
Vioipara intertexta Say. Rill near Durant, Miss., and a rill near Boligee, Ala., both places in heavy timber.
Campeloma ponderosum Say. Tennessee river, Florence and Tom- bigbee river west of Boligee, Ala.
Campeloma decisurn Say. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Campeloma decisum var. heterostropha. One specimen. Tennessee river.
Campeloma coarctatum Lea. Tallahatchie. Yalabusha, Big Black and Tombigbee rivers.
Campeloma decampi Currier. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Family AMNICOLID^E.
Amnicola cincinnatiensis Anth. Big Black and Tombigbee rivers. Atnnicola limosa Say. Tallahatchie, Yalabusha, Big Black and Tombigbee rivers.
Amnicola auyustina Pilsbry. Tuscumbia, Ala. Found in the
THE NAUTILUS. 43
stream running from the spring, they were in algse and on the muddy bottom.
Somatogyrus subglobosa Say. Tallahatchie and Yalabusha rivers.
Somatogyrus georgianus Walker. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Somatogyrus substriatus Walker. Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers. The most plentiful species of the genus in these two streams.
Somatogyrus humerosus Walker. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Somatogyrus quadratus Walker. Tennessee river and Shoal crock.
Somatogyrus strengi Pilsbry and Walker. Tennessee river and Shoal creek.
Somatogyrus biangutatus Walker. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Somatogyrus excavatus Walker. Shoal creek, Florence, Ala.
Somatogyrus tennesseensis Walker. Shoal creek.
Somatogyrus purnilus Conrad. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Pyrgulopsis mississippiensis Pilsbry. Shoal creek. This little species was numerous a short distance above the canal aqueduct, where sediment had collected on the rock bottom, a few were found on algae. They were only found in mid-stream.
Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Found on leaves after a shower, in a moist situation, always shaded by timber and scrub palmetto. Boligee, Ala.
Pomatiopsis hinkleyi Pilsbry. This species was very numerous in the same places where the types were found in 1894. It was also found across the river high up on the river bluff, on and in damp moss but not in a wet situation like the others. See vol. X, p. 37 of the NAUTILUS.
Family CORBICULID^E.
Calyculina transversa Say. Yalabusha, Black and Tombigbee rivers.
Calyculina occidentalis Prime. Creek, Boligee, Ala.
Sphaerium striatinum Lam. Big Black river, Durant, Miss., Boligee, Alabama, one specimen at last place.
Sphaerium stamineum Conrad. Young specimens, Grenada, and one mature at Durant, Miss.
Pisidium virginicum Gmel. Durant, Miss.
Pisidium compression Prime. Tuscumbia spring; Black War- rior, Tuscaloosa, and Shoal creek, Florence, Ala.
44 THE NAUTILUS.
Pisidium variabilis Prime. Big Black river, Durnnt, Miss. Pisidium noveboracense Prime. Variety, spring, Tuscumbia, Ala. Pisidium peraltum Sterki. Yalabusha river, Grenada, Miss. Pisidium neglectum Sterki. Ms, name ; Black Warrior, Tusca loosa, Ala.
Pisidium singleyi Sterki. Black Warrior, Tuscaloosa, Ala. Pisidium atlanticum Sterki. Floating creek, Columbus, Miss.
(To be continued.}
A NEW SCALA FROM CALIFORNIA.
BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL.
Scala lowei n. sp.
Shell small, conic, with five or more rapidly increasing whorls after the (lost) nucleus ; color white, whorls very convex with deep sutures and a small, spiral umbilicus ; there is no basal disk or cord ; sculpture of about twenty-seven rather thick, strongly reflected, smooth, close-set varices, and very close, fine, spiral threads, covering the whole whorl between the varices, and separated by about equal sulci ; aperture sub-circular, slightly higher than wide, the reflected margin wide at the outer lip, patulous at the inner base, narrow between the shoulder and the preceding whorl, and at the shoulder produced into a short, rather stout spine which, repeated on successive varices, coronates the whorls. Length of shell (without nucleus), 7.0; max. diameter, 4.0 ; max. diameter of aperture, 2.5 mm.
Habitat: dredged off Avalon, Catalina Island, Gala., in 40-60 fathoms, by H. N. Lowe, in 1903.
This species recalls S. bellastriata Carpenter, in general character, but is smaller ; has more numerous, close-set and more strongly re- flected varices ; and has the spiral striation and threading much finer than in bellastriata of equal size.
The first shell belonging to Mr. Lowe was returned to him after a figure had been drawn from the specimen. A second specimen was sent by him, from the same vicinity, in 1906, which is retained in the National Museum, No. 191548. This also has lost its nucleus. The six remaining whorls measure 7.0 mm. in length.
THE NAUTILUS. 45
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW CLEOPATRA AND A PISIDITJM.
BY C. F. ANCEY.
1. Cleopatra multilirata, Anc.
Testa fusco-olivacea, indumento ferrugineo tecta, modice sed pro genere aperte perforata, solidula, concolor vel circa umbilicum brun- neo tincta,ovato-turbinata, liris acutis permultis (circa 8-9 in penul- timo, 24-25 in ultimo anfractu) angulata. Spira conoidea, erosa. Anfractus superst. 3^ rotundati, sutura profunda, ultimus latus, ovatus. Apertura ovata, fere recta, superne subangulata, margini- bus callo appresso nitido junctis, columellari vix patulo. Opercu- lum fuscum, extus medio valde concavum, nucleo paucispirato, sub- centrali, attamen propius marginem columellarem sito.
Long. 9, diam. 7, alt. apert. 5 mill.
Hab. Vinaninony, Madagascar (teste Ph. Dautzenberg).
A very distict species quite different from other forms recorded from Madagascar, such as C. amoena, Morelet, C. moniliata, Morelet, C. grandidieri, Crosse et Fischer and C. Trabonjyensis, Smith. All of these but the latter were not correctly located in their proper genus, as the first was referred to Melania, the second to Paludina and the third to Paludomus by the describers. The present species is some- what related to Cl. Trabonjyensis^ but the lirae are much more nu- merous.
2. Cleopatra Smithi, Anc.
Testa ovato-acuminata, anguste perforata, subtenuis, flavescens vel flavo-virens, epidermide tenui induta, liris fuscis infra peripheriam ultimi anfractus evanescentibus regulariter exarata. Spira conoidea, truncata. Anfractus circiter 7 convexi, sed haud tumido-ventricosi, superiores, liris 4 cincti, concolores (lires haud coloratis), ultimus ovatus, liris 5-6 aequidistantibus supra insertionem aperturae et ssepe una infra medium cinctus et 2-3 parvulis circa perforationem sculp- tus, inter liras striis increment! conspicuis eximie peraratus, zona peripherica castanea, alteraque circa basin ornatus. Apertura ovalis, superne et infra paulo acuminata, totius testae dimidio multo minor. Peristoma tenue, marginibus callo tenui junctis, columellari simplici, non expanso.
Long, (testse erosae, 4 anfr.) 11 diam. 7, alt. apert. 5, lat. ejusd. 31 mill.
Hab. River Chozi, which flows into the Chambe'zi, region of lake Bangweolo, British Central Africa (Rev. Fath. M. Guilleme", 1905).
46 THE NAUTILUS.
Strikingly like Cl. Mweruensis, Smith (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1893, pi. lix, fig. 10), but smaller, differently colored and more regu- larly lirate. The locality is very distant from lake Mweru, although belonging to the same geographical region.
For this and numerous other interesting shells collected during his journeys in Central Africa I am indebted to the Fath. M. Guilleme. The material collected by him will be reported upon in the near future. As a species of Cleopatra was already named after him, I am respectfully dedicating this new species to E. A. Smith, Esq., of the British Museum.
3. Pisidium planatum, Anc.
Concha minuta, lenticularis, parum inflata, compressa, nitidula, tenuis, pallide cinerea, striis concentricis exilibus crebre sub lente sculpta, umbonibus laevibus, depressis, inaequilatera. Pars antica rotundata, postica fere duplo major, regulariter arcuata. Umbones late depressi, obtusissimi, inermes, Icevigati. Dens cardinalis parvus, laterales debiles. Ligamentum parvum, lineare.
Diam. 3£, alt. 2^, crass. 1^ mill.
Hab. Andriba, Central Madagascar (teste Dautzenberg).
A more depressed form than P. Madagascariense Smith, the only other species of the genus described from the island.
NOTES.
ON THE HABITS OF PRATICOLELLA JEJUNA : — In the vicinity of St. Augustine, Florida, I found this species locally only west of the city in the white sandy, scrub oak section, near the pines, under boards and leaves, in fact this was the only shell found there. They were undersize, and very thin, probably due to the unfavorable condition for molluscan life. Mr. A. G. Reynolds writes me from Disston City, Hillsboro county, Fla. : " It is found under dead leaves and trash, occasionally under boards, and more rarely on pine stumps." Mr. Charles T. Simpson in his valuable paper, " Contributions to the Mollusca of Florida," (Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., v, p. 66, 1886), says : " The only mollusk ever found in high, dry pine woods in Florida. I have seen it crawling on barren dry sand near Braidentown, and around my dwelling, and along the road in Fogartville." — C. W. JOHNSON.
THE NAUTILUS. 47
CHLORITIS EDWARDI, Gude, ascribed with some little doubt to the Moluccas, is found in the Island of Ceram, where it was found by the Rev. Father Le Coq d'Armanville, who lost his life in New Guinea. My specimens were received from the Abb£ Mege, Omphalutropis macromphala, Bavay (Journ. de Conch., 1905, vol. liii, p. 250, figs. 9, 10, 11), is the same as 0. Qitndrasi, v. Moll., and therefore becomes a synonym of the latter. The shell is from the Island of Guajan (or Guam), Ladrone Islands. Von Mollen- dorff s paper appears to have escaped the notice of Mr. Bavay. — C. F. ANCEY.
NOTE ON DTAKIA AND PSEUDOPARTULA — A recent article by Lieut. -Col. H. H. Godwin Austen (Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., vii, p. 93) has called my attention to the anatomical description of Dyakia nasuta (Helix nasuta Metcalfe) by the same author (P. Z. S., 1891), which I had OTerlooked when treating of this species in Manual of Conchology, xiv, p. 12. It appears that the snail belongs to the Zonitidce. There cannot be much doubt that the Sumatran and Javan species forming the group Pseudopartula, and which I asso- ciated with nasuta, will also be transferred to Zonitidce, since their resemblance to nasuta seems too strongly marked to be adventitious.
— H. A. PlLSBRY.
A SYNONYM OF BRACHYPODELLA. — In my monograph of Uro- coptidce I overlooked the name Microstoma hanleyannm Jousseaume. Mem. Societe Zoologique de France for 1889, p. 247. This is CyHndreUa hanleyana of Pfeiffer, a species of Brachypodella. The name Microstoma will become a synonym of Brachypodetta. It was probably not intended as a new generic name, being very likely an error for Mychostorna — H. A. PILSBRY.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
HELICINA OCCULTA Say (Proc. Davenport Acad. of Sciences, ix, pp. 173-180). ADDITIONAL NOTE ON HELICINA OCCULTA (Jour- nal of Geology, xiii, 1905, pp. 232-237). By B. Shimek. The rather extensive records of this species in both corichological and geological literature are reviewed in these papers, with copious notes and comparisons of recent and fossil shells. The alleged depauper-
48 THE NAUTILUS.
ation of loess as compared with modern shells is disproved; "while there are variations in size in both recent and fossil shells, there is no marked depauperation of the fossils." H. occulta is uniformly found living on well-wooded grounds, leading Prof. Shimek to con- alude that the forest areas in the loess region were formerly of much greater extent.
ON THE ANATOMY OF CERTAIN SPECIES OF SOLENID^E. ON THE ANATOMY OF ENSIS MAGNUS SCHUM. By H. H. Bloomer. Journ. of Malacol., xii, pt. 4. Several oriental and tropical Ameri- can species of Solenida are described anatomically in these papers. Mr. Bloomer has now devoted ten papers to the morphology of the Solenidtz, to the great advantage of all interested in Pelecypod anatomy.
HENEY A. WARD.
We deeply regret to record the death of Professor Henry A. Ward, who was killed by an automobile at Buffalo, N. Y., on July 4. He was born at Rochester, N. Y., in 1834. Studied at Williams Col- lege and Rochester University, and became an assisiant of Louis Agassiz in 1854. He was Professor of Natural History at the Rochester University from 1860 to 1865. From 1870 to 1900 Prof. Ward traveled in all parts of the world, making large and valuable collections which were shipped to his Natural History Establishment at Rochester and from there distributed among the museums, uni- versities, colleges and private collections throughout the country.
Prof. Ward has perhaps done as much to popularize and encourage the study of natural history than any one man. Mr. Wm. T. Horna- day paid him a glowing tribute, under the well earned title, " The King of Museum-builders." It is probably safe to say that through his agency more shells have been brought into this country than by any other means. His " Catalogue of Specimens of Mol- lusca" forms a useful hand-book for beginners. At various time his Establishment has employed men who have subsequently become prominent in various branches of the natural sciences.
For some years past Prof. Ward has devoted his energies chiefly to collecting meteorites, bringing together the largest collection in the world. An account of it may be found in the July number of the Popular Science Monthly.
THE NAUTILUS, XX.
PLATE III.
AMPHIGYRA AND N EOPLANORBIS.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vor,. XX. SEPTEMBER, 1OO6. No. 5.
TWO NEW AMEBICAN GENERA OF BA80MMATOPHORA.
BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.
In the course of a collecting expedition to Alabama in October and November, 1903, Mr. A. A. Hinkley found a number of mol- Insks of unusual interest and importance.1 Among them were two species of spiral-shelled gastropods quite unlike any fresh-water snails hitherto known in this country, having affinities with the Ancytidce.
Like Ancylus, the new forms are essentially sinistral in their soft parts, but the shells are dextral. They are very small snails, and were found on or usually under rocks in swift water, and evidently do not depend upon free air for respiration, having a false gill in the pallial chamber.
Genus AMPHIGYRA nov.
The shell is minute, Neritoid or Crepidula-like, with a small depressed lateral spire, apparently dextral, composed of about l£ very rapidly enlarging whorls, the last very convex dorsally, im- perforate ; the apex is smooth, and the last whorl is spirally striate. The aperture is very large, oblique, transversely oval, the peristome continuous and free, thin. Carity of the spire very small, a thin, broad, concave columellar plate projecting across the end next the spire, as in Orepidula or Latia.
The soft parts are sinistral, externally Limnseoid, with large black eyes near the inner bases of the short blunt cylindric tentacles.
lSeo lists of the species collected, in NAUTILUS for August and September, 1904.
50 THE NAUTILUS.
Two adductor muscles, kidney-shaped in section, one on each side, replace the usual columellar muscle.
The radula has 18, 1, 18 teeth, arranged about as in Lymncea. Centrals with a single cusp, the laterals bicuspid, the outer cusp smaller. The transition teeth have four or five cusps. The mar- ginal teeth are low, wide and separated, with four or five cusps. PI. Ill, fig. 6, teeth of A. alabamensis.
There is a short false gill hanging in the pallia! cavity.
The shell has some resemblance to Crepidula and Latia. Lepy- rium and Pompholyx are also slightly similar; but the resemblance is no doubt superficial. Pompholyx, like Amphigyra, is sinistral with an ultrasinistral shell. It has no plate or lamina across the visceral cavity. The soft anatomy of Amphigyra, so far as worked out, seems to show most affinity with the Ancylidx.
The deck of Amphigyra is present at all stages of growth ob- served, in young as well as mature shells. In Gundlachia no septum is developed until a period of hybernation or aestivation is reached. The shell is more solid than that of Ancylus or Gundlachia. Amphigyra alabamensis n. sp. PI. Ill, figs. 1, 2.
The shell is shaped like a convex Crepidula, closely, finely and sharply striate spirally, and of a pale yellowish-corneous tint. The last whorl flares in a raised ledge at the baso-columellar region, the back being very convex. The spire is slightly sunken, depressed. The raised parietal margin of the lip is abruptly kinked where it passes across the preceding whorl. The columellar plate or deck extends over nearly one-third the total transverse length of the aperture. Alt. 1.1, diam. 2 mm.
Wetumpka, Alabama, on the under surfaces of rocks in swift water.
Genus NEOPLANORBIS n. gen.
The shell is minute, subdiscoidal, nearly flat above, convex below, perforate, carinate at the periphery, composed of about two rapidly enlarging whorls, the apex impressed and turned in. The aperture is very oblique, wider than high, a little dilated at the base. Peris- tome thin, not continuous, the columellar margin straight and broadly dilated, somewhat thickened within.
The dentition and so far as known, the soft anatomy, is similar to Amphigyra.
Type N. tantillus.
THE NAUTILUS. 51
The type of this group was at first taken for a Planorbis of the P. dilatatus group,1 but when the dentition was examined it became obvious at once that the snail could not belong to the Planorbinse. The radula is not materially unlike that of Amphigyra, but the con- chological features of the two groups are quite diverse, Amphigyra being Crepiduloid with a distinct " deck " or columellar plate, while Neoplanorbis is Planorbis-shaped, perforate, with a carinate periphery and no " deck." Neoplanorlis tantillus n. sp. PI. Ill, figs. 3, 4, 5.
Shell very narrowly perforate, slightly convex above, very con- vex below, with a strongly projecting rounded keel at the periphery ; light brown; surface slightly shining, sculptured with very obliquely radial growth-lines and raised spiral stride, rather coarse for a shell of this size. Whorls 2, rapidly enlarging, the apex somewhat sunken; first whorl very convex, the second much less so, slowly descending in front. Aperture very oblique, shaped like a gothic- arched door, the upper and lower margins arcuate, the outer margin angular, the columellar margin dilated, straight and vertical, with a rather wide whitish callous within. Alt. .8, diam. 1.7 mm.
The specimens occurred at Wetumpka, Alabama with the preced- ing species. This is one of the smallest fresh-water mollusks yet found in America.
NOTE ON LEPYEIUM.
BY H. A. PILSBRY.
In connection with the genus Amphigyra I have had occasion to examine the specimens of Lepyrium in the collection of the Academy. It appears that the Lepyrium from the Cahawba river differs from L. showalteri (Neritina showalteri Lea) of the Coosa, in being much smaller, alt. 2.7, diam. 3 mm., with a straighter columellar edge and without a raised outer margin of the columellar area. It will prob- ably prove specifically distinct, but as I have been able to compare only one of the original lot of L. showalteri, it may be best to rank the Cahawba form ai a subspecies under the name Lepyrium showal- teri cahawbensis.
1 It was reported as Planorbis tantillus in Mr. Hinkley'3 list, Nautilus XVIII, p. 54.
52 THE NAUTILUS.
SOME SHELLS OF MISSISSIPPI AND ALABAMA.
BY A. A. HINKLEY.
(Concluded from August Number, p. 44-)
Family UNIONIDJJ.
Truncitta triquetra Raf. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Truncilla brevidens Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Truncilla sulcata Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Truncilla haysiana Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Truncilla propinqua Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Truncilla personata Say. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Truncilla biemar ginata Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Truncilla jlorentina Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Truncilla perplexa Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Truncilla turgidula Lea. Shoal creek, Florence, Ala.
Micromya cselata Conrad. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Lampsilis excavatus Lea. Tallahatchie, Big Black and Tombigbee rivers and Floating creek, Columbus, Miss.
Lampsilis ovatus Say. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Lampsilis multiradiatus Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Lampsilis biangulatus Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Lampsilis hydianus Lea. Tallahatchie, Yalabusha, Big Black and Tombigbee rivers.
Lampsilis affinis Lea. Tombigbee river and Floating creek, Columbus, Miss.
Lampsilis orbiculatus Hildreth. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Lampsilis anodontoides Lea. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss., and Yalabusha and Tennessee rivers.
Lampsilis fallaciosus Simpson. Tallahatchie, Yalabusha and Big Black rivers in Mississippi.
Lampsilis rectus Lamarck. Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers.
Lampsilis lineosus Conrad. Tallahatchie, Big Black and Tom- bigbee rivers.
Lampsilis concestator Lea. Yalabusha river, Grenada, Miss.
Lampsilis ogeecheensis Conrad. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.
THE NAUTILUS. 53
Lampsilis apicinus Lea. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.
Lampsilis trabalis Conrad. Tennessee river. One specimen.
Lampsilis parvus Barnes. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miaa.
Lampsilis cromwellii Lea. Yalabusha river, Grenada, Miss.
Lampsilis alatus Say. Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers.
Lampsilis purpuratus Lamarck. Tallahatchie, Yallabusha and Big Black rivers.
Lampsilis gracilis Barnes. All the rivers visited.
Lampsilis leptodon Rafinesque. Tennessee river. Two poor specimens.
Lampsilis claibornensis Lea. Floating creek, Columbus, Miss. Medionidus acutissimus Lea. Tombigbee river and Floating creek, Columbus, Miss.
Medionidus subtentus Say. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Obovaria retusa Lamarck. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Obovaria tinkeri Wright. Yalabusha river, Grenada, Miss.
Obovaria unicolor Lea. Tallahatchie, Yallabusha, Big Black and Tombigbee rivers, very plenty in the last stream at Columbus, Miss.
Obovaria ellipsis Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Obovaria castanea Lea. Tallahatchie, Yalabusha, Big Black and Tombigbee rivers.
Plagiola securis Lea. Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers.
Plagiola clegans Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Plagiola donaciformis Lea. Tallahatchie, Yalabusha, Big Black, Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers.
Tritogonia tuberculata Barnes. Tallahatchie, Yalabusha, Big Black and Tombigbee rivers. In the Black a few specimens were found with purple nacre.
Cyprogena irrorata Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Obliquaria reflexa Rafinesque. Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers.
Ptchobranchus phaseolus Hildreth. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Dromus dromus Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Strophitus spillmanii Lea. Yalabusha river, Grenada, Miss.
Strophitus tombigbeensis Lea. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.
Strophitus elliotii Lea. Tallahatchie river, Abbeville, Miss.
Strophitus schafferianus Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Anodonta grandis Say. Tallahatchie and Yalabusha rivers.
Arcidens confragosus Say. Yalabusha, Big Black and Tombigbee rivers.
54 THE NAUTILUS.
Symphynota costata Rafinesque. Tennessee river. Only dead and poor ones found.
Symphynota complanata Barnes. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.
Margaritana monodonta Say. Tennessee river. Large numbers were piled up by rocks, logs and in places on the river bank, where the musk rats had opened them. The living ones were plen- tiful under rocks in the shallow water, as many as two hundred being found under one slab.
Unio gibbapus Barnes. Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers.
Unio crassidens Lam. Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers.
Unio arctatus Conrad. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.
Unio tetralasmus geometricus Lea. Yalabusha river, Grenada, and a rill near Durant, Miss.
Pleurobema hohtonensis Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Pleurobema edgariana Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Pleurobema tumescens Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Pleurobema dolabelloides Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Pleurobema decisa Lea. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.
Pleurobema curta Lea. Big Black and Tombigbee rivers.
Pleurobema taitiana Lea. Tombigbee river near Boligee, Ala.
Pleurobema mix Lea. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.
Pleurobema bulbosa Lea. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.
Pleurobema nuculopses Conrad. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.
Pleurobema aesopus Green. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Quadrula asper Lea. Tallahatchie, Yalabusha, Big Black and Tombigbee rivers.
Quadrula plicata Say. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Quadrula perplicata Conrad. Yalabusha and Black rivers.
Quadrula latecostata Lea. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.
Quadrula heros Say. Tallahatchie, Yalabusha and Tennessee rivers.
Quadrula trapezoides Lea. Yalabusha, Big Black and Tombigbee rivers.
Quadrula cylindrica Say. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala. Quadrula tuetanevra Raf. Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers. Common in botli streams.
Quadrula intermedia Conrad. Tennessee river.
Quadrula slopes Lea. Tombigbee river, Columbus, Miss.
THE NAUTILUS. 55
Quadrula rumphiana Lea. Tombigbee river near Boligee, Ala. Quadrula pustulosa Lea. Tallahatchie, Yalabusha, Big BlacTi, Tombiebee and Tennessee rivers. Those from tbe Yalabusha, Tal-
D
lahatchie and Big Black have few pustules, and occasionally one is smooth.
Quadrula rubiginosa Len. Tallahatchie river, Abbeville, Miss.
Quadrula cermet Conrad. Yalabusha and Tombigbee rivers.
Quadrula hebetata Conrad. Big Black river, Durant, Miss.
Quadrula rubida Lea. Big Black riter, Durant, Miss.
Quadrula obliqua Lamarck. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Quadrula solida Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Quadrula plena Lea. Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers.
Quadrula pyramidata Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Quadrula subrotundus Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
Quadrula ebenus Lea. Tombigbee and Tennessee rivers. Common.
Quadrula granifera Lea. Tennessee river, Florence, Ala.
LYMNJEA DANIELSI SP. NOV.
BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER.
Lymnsea daniehi sp. nov.
Shell elongated, attenuated, of medium thickness ; color ranging from very light-yellowish horn to dark chestnut or purple ; surface shining, growth lines generally fine and close-set, but occasionally, as near the aperture, coarse and often raised into ridges ; last whorl often malleated ; spiral sculpture of fine impressed lines ; apex smooth, spermaceti-white in color; whorls 7, flat sided or slightly convex, slowly increasing in diameter ; spire long and sharply attenuated, longer than the aperture ; sutures impressed ; aperture ovate, often a little triangular, somewhat flaring ; peristome sharp, simple, bordered by a dark purple or chocolate band in many speci- mens ; parietal wall with a thin callus, generally closely appressed to the shell and almost closing the umbilical region, leaving a small chink; axis gyrate as in stagnalis, forming a heavy, ascending plait; interior of aperture varying from white to dark purple. Length 28.5, breadth 12, aperture length 14, breadth 6.5 mm.
56 THE NAUTILUS.
Length 27.5, breadth 11.5, aperture length 12.5, breadth 6.0 mm. Length 29.01, breadth 11.25, aperture length 13, breadth 6.0 mm. Length 25.5, breadth 10, aperture length 11.5, breadth 6.0 mm. Length 23, breadth 9, aperture length 9.5, breadth 4.75 mm. Length 20, breadth 10, aperture length 10.5, breadth 5.5 mm.
Types : Chicago Academy of Sciences, L. E. Daniels; cotypes, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; State Museum, Indian- apolis, Ind.
Range : Lake Maxinkuk«e, Indiana, collected by Mr. L. E. Daniels.
This distinct species may be known by its acutely pyramidal spire and small, flaring aperture. It somewhat resembles elongate forms of stagnalis. Some time ago Mr. Daniels sent six specimens of this Lymncea for identification. It remained unnamed until a recent visit to Washington, when a large collection of the same form was seen which had been secured by Dr. Paul Bartsch, of the Smithson- ian Institution, and its novelty was thereby established. Later, Mr. Daniels sent several hundred specimens for examination. Lake Maxinkukee also contains Lymneea palustris, desidiosa and parva. The juvenile palustris are liable to be mixed with danielsi if care is not taken to observe the form of the shell particularly the form of the axis.
The material collected by Dr. Bartsch contains one monstrosity in which the aperture is entire and separated from the body whorl. The lot recently sent by Mr. Daniels is wonderfully uniform, show- ing that the species is quite stable. A few curious variations occur in which the spire is shortened and the aperture is enlarged and ex- panded. In some specimens the columella plait is exaggerated to such an extent that it forms a pseudo-tooth. In other specimens the lower part of the aperture is somewhat effuse. The variation in color is remarkable, and it would be of interest to know the cause of the rich chestnut and purple color. The normal form is horn-col- ored like stagnalis.
The species is named in honor of Mr. L. E. Daniels, of La Porte, Indiana, whose assiduous collecting has added many new and inter- esting shells to the fauna of the middle west.
THE NAUTILUS. 57
NOTE ON MITRA PICTA REEVE.
BY SLOMAN ROUS.
Mitra picta Reeve (Conch. Icon., p. 123, 1844) has been placed by Tryon in the synonymy of M. barbadensis. This, I think, is an error. A very cursory examination of the two shells will at once show them to be distinct. The sculpture of barbadensis consists of spiral raised lines, with fine microscopic, spiral and longitudinal lines decussating the spaces between them. In picta the spiral lines are impressed, closely, deeply foveolated, microscopically striated longitudinally and pitted where they cross the revolving lines. The fine spiral lines of barbadensis are absent in picta.
In color M. picta is a much darker brown, with the white patches much more conspicuous, being larger and more numerous often in wide longitudinal lines from end to end of the shell, but broken at the suture, or often massed on the suture so that the white predom- inates. I think usually one-fourth of the surface is white.
The folds on the columella of M. barbadensis are five in number, sometimes a sixth being just perceptible, in picta there are only four, the fourth being very small. I do not recollect ever to have noticed a fifth fold, but if it occurs it will be as rare as six in barbadensis.
Tryon also says " Sowerby erroneously refers the latter (picta) to the Cape of Good Hope." This is not an error of Mr. Sowerby. I was resident in the Cape over forty years, during which I had the pleasure of supplying him with many examples, and I have many still in my possession, most, or I think all, of them collected in Algoa Bay.
There can be no doubt that M. picta Reeve, is a valid species, and that its habitat is the Cape of Good Hope. That other writers have followed Tryon in this synonymy is sufficient reason for bringing this error to the notice of conchologists.
NOTE ON VITREA APPROXIMA AND V VANATTAI.
BY H. A. PIL3BRY AND BYRANT WALKER.
Owing to the fact that the proof of the article in which these species were described (Proc. A. N. S. P. 1902, pp. 431-3) was not read by both us, some errors unintentionally crept in, which were
58 THE NAUTILUS.
not discovered until too late to be corrected in the original publi- cation.
The localities of the two species were reversed and the proper credit was not given for the discovery of V- approxima. The types of that species were not collected by Ferriss and Walker and did not come from Wilson's Cove. They were collected by Henry Hemphill many years before and were distributed by him as " V. wheatleyi Bid." As Hemphill's stay on Mt. Mitchell was very limited (See Proc. P. A. N. S. 1900, page 149) they were no doubt collected either along the trail to the summit or on Mt. Mitchell itself. Collectors who received specimens from Hemphill as V. wheatleyi would do well to reexamine them carefully.
V. vanattai was collected by Walker in Wilson's Cove.
SUBSPECIES, MUTATIONS AND FORMS.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
Messrs. Pilsbry and Ferriss in discussing the variations of Bul- imnlus alternates (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, p. 140) say: " we can find no ground for dividing them [the different forms of subsp. marice~\ into several races, as Prof. Cockerell proposes."
It seems opportune to protest against this interpretation of my paper of 1891; the more so, since Prof. Pilsbry has before tried to insist upon the erroneous nature of my proposed classification. There is not, and never has been, the least divergence of opinion as to the actual facts. In 1891, of course, we did not know as much about the. subject as we do to-day, thanks to the excellent re- searches of Messrs. Pilsbry and Ferriss; but now, as before, the objections to my nomenclature have no valid basis, except in a mere difference of opinion as to what should receive a name.
I grew up in England, accustomed to the methods of the Jeffrey- sian school, which paid little attention to slightly differentiated races, but bestowed names on all sporadic or individual variations which were striking enough to be easily recognized. Professor Pilsbry pays little attention to sporadic variations, but is very much in- terested in geographical races or subspecies. It was undoubtedly a
THE NAUTILUS. 59
serious fault in the English work, that we were so little alert for racial characters, and we were also to blame for confusing under the name " variety " several different phenomena. I have watched the development of the American researches with admiration, and cer- tainly have no fault to find with the methods adopted; but at the same time I believe we make a great mistake if we assume that sporadic varieties are not worth noting and recording. Professor Pilsbry will probably concede all this, in principle, but will object to giving them names. It is unavoidable, I suppose, that there should be differences of opinion about this; but it is certainly true that only when they are named and find a place in the manuals do they get properly noticed and recorded.
The best example of the English method which has so far appeared is found in Taylor's " Monograph of the Land and Freshwater Mol- lusca of the British Isles," now in course of publication. I can hardly believe that any naturalist can study this work without ad- miring its exhaustive treatment of variation, and perceiving the value, from the standpoint of evolution, of the orderly presentation of so great a mass of information. At the same time, it is not with- out its faults, one of which is the confusion together of different races and mutations, treating them all as " varieties," without discrimina- tion. Thus under Testacella scutulum, the geographical form major, from Algeria, appears as a variety; while its mutation albino, is made to include all pallid forms, whether from Algeria or elsewhere. It is evident that albina should be treated under major as a muta- tion ; and the name pallida, proposed for the pale mutation of the typical scutulum, should be so applied. Following the Jeffreysian method, the term " monstrosity " is applied in an illogical manner to sinistral mutations and various distortions of the shell, which have nothing particular in common.
Deviations from the normal may be conveniently included under three heads :
1. Subspecies, as generally understood in this country ; forms oc- cupying a distinct territory (or it may be ecological position) of their own, but intergrading with the species.
2. Mutations, the so-called spontaneous variations, arising sporad- ically from some modification of the germ-plasm, and often persisting in limited strains. These include, among other things, sinistral and albino variations ; and it is desirable that analogous variations of
60 THE NAUTILUS.
different species should receive the same mutational name : e. g., simstrorsum for all sinistral mutations.
The interest attaching to these variations is very great at the present time, when so much is being said about the theories of de Vries and the Mendelian phenomena. We have, moreover, pretty good evidence that such " sports " have given rise to genuine specific characters, certain shells (e. g., Vitrea crystalline,} being permanently " albino," while whole genera have become sinistral. The sinistral mutations are perhaps of especial significance, inasmuch as in the nature of the case they must arise " all at once."
3. Forms, resulting from the immediate effect of the environment upon the individual, and presumably not inheritable in the proper sense of the word. I notice that Messrs. Pilsbry and Ferriss, in the work already cited (p. 169) name a " form " of Goniobasis.1 These variations might be held to have the least significance of the three, but they are often striking, and are usually of interest from a physiological if not from an evolutional standpoint. It must be remembered, also, that while they are said to be immediately due to the environment, this is only true in a partial sense ; there must already exist the inheritable power of responding in this particular way to the conditions found. This power of response, as exhibited under diverse environments, is itself a thing of great interest to every biologist, and no one can doubt its significance in relation to the persistence and spread of species.
The term " variety " may well be retained for use in cases which cannot clearly be referred to one of the above categories. The simple trinomial may be used for the subspecies ; in the case of the others, " var.," " mut." or " f." should be placed before the last name.
It should be added that not unfrequently " mutations " belong to particular races, which are distinguishable only from their power of producing them. Thus, I cannot see that the Cochlicopa lubrica of the Rocky Mountains and of England are in any wise different shells ; but in England certain mutations are frequently produced, which are never seen in the Rocky Mountains.
1 Omitting, however, to name the very distinct mutations, figs. 27 and 28, p. 167. According to the method I advocate, fig. 28 would be mut. spiralis, and the same name would be applied to similar mutations of other species, except when a different one had been earlier provided.
THE NAUTILUS, XX.
PLATE IV.
KELSEY: COLONY OF EPIPHRAGMOPHORA TUDICULATA.
THE NAUTILUS.
Voi,. XX. OCTOBER, 19O6. No. 6.
A HEALTHY COLONY OF EPIPHRAGMOPHORA TTJDICULATA.
BY F. W. KELSEY.
Wliile enjoying a short vacation, during the month of July of this year, I sojourned with an old-time friend, Mr. I. J. Frazee, in Pamoosa canon, about fifteen miles north of Escondido, in San Diego County, and whenever I went prowling around among the hills with my camera I always kept my weather eye open for anything that carried a shell on its back.
My efforts were rewarded by a goodly find of Glyptostoma new- berryanum Binney, and Epiphragmophora tudiculata Binney. The latter, in one instance, were so plentiful as to deserve more than passing notice, and I went to a good deal of trouble to enable me to get a photograph to present to the readers of the NAUTILUS.
By means of bars, 1 moved a rock weighing over a ton, back from the face of the cliff, so as to allow the light to enter and to give an unobstructed view of the colony of helices hibernating in the lower part of the cleft between the two masses of rock, and occupying a space of not more than two square feet.
Of course, only a portion of the group shows in the picture, but after making the exposure, I collected fifty-eight adult shells and left more than half that number of immature ones for seed.
With one exception, I have never before seen snails in their wild state so plentiful. This was in the summer of 1902 when I collected over one thousand live Epiphragmophora stearnsiana Gabb, in a space not over fifty yards square at Pacific Beach, near San Diego.
62 THE NAUTILUS.
EEMAEZS ON CEETAIN NEW ENGLAND CHITONS WITH DESCEIPTION
OF A NEW VAEIETY.
BY FRANCIS N. BALCH.
The recent announcement by Ball ['05 a. and b.] of a new Chiton from New England — the first local addition to the group in many years — makes this a favorable moment to introduce an allied novelty with a few remarks.
Tonicetta Blaneyi Dall, was founded on a single specimen dredged by Dwight Blaney, Esq., of Boston, off Ironbound Island, French- man's Bay, Maine, in twenty fathoms.
Its diagnostic marks consist substantially in conspicuously radially ribbed lateral areas and terminal valves.
Dall says it seems: " somewhat intermediate between Tonicella and Trachydermon, with a leaning toward the former, while it seems to be most nearly related specifically to Tonicella marmorea" an opinion in which I concur.
But this " intermediate " character raises the whole question of the true relation of these forms, which I now propose to discuss.
Trachydermon ruber and Tonicella marmorea are both common north of Cape Cod in from five to one hundred fathoms; the former, in my experience, outnumbering the latter (which favors the deeper waters,) at least ten to one.
They much resemble one another and in fact Gould ['70] (who retained them both in the Linnean genus Chiton) says of ruber: " It is not difficult to distinguish at sight well marked individuals of this species from those of (7. fulminatus " (i. e., Tonicella marmorea.) " But there are intermediate specimens which it is not easy to pro- nounce upon. In general, this species is smaller, more solid, more convex, the valves more beaked, lines of growth more deep, the zig- zag lines never appearing, though the posterior margin of the valve is sometimes dotted with white and red. The impunctured or un- granulated surface, however, is the best, as it is a constant, charac- teristic."
But Gould's diagnostic points will not stand. The color-patterns do duplicate, and the surface of ruber is punctate, as Dall has him- self pointed out ['79]. I may add that in the coarseness of the punc- tation the two overlap.
The fact is, as Gould indicates, that while the extremes of the two
THE NAUTILUS. 63
forms are well separated the series yet approach very near if they do not overlap.
In spite of this the two are to-day almost universally placed by American and British malacologists in two distinct genera — genera which, in Pilsbry's monograph [Pilsbry '92] are rather widely sepa- rated.
I propose very briefly to review their recent generic history.
Both were included in Gray's genus Ischnochiton, from which Car- penter ['63] split off Trachydermon as a sub-genus, naming no type though his own retiporosus was the first of the species referred to it. Neither ruber nor marmoreus was mentioned. He later declared it corresponded to the "second section" of Gray's Ischnochiton « * * * scales of mantle minute, granule-like," and raised it to the rank of a genus.
In 1873 [Carpenter '73] he published brief and informal, but im- portant, notes of his observations on the Chitons of our New Eng- land Coast made during work with our Fish Commission expeditions. Of C. ruber he said : " It belongs to Gray's genus Ischnochiton, * * * ' section f, mantle scales minute, granular ; ' but as the gill- rows are short * * * it is necessary to establish a fresh genus, Trachydermon * * *."
Of G. albus — now by far the commonest species all along our shore, outnumbering ruber and marmorea combined a great many times over and scarcely to be missed by any dredger — he said : " I twice captured a live specimen ; but each time it eluded the aftersearch. I do not doubt that this is also a Trachydermon * * *." While not germane to the present inquiry this is interestingly suggestive of changes in the CJiiton census.
Of G. marmoreus, he said : [it] " is Tonicia of H. Adams and Gray, simply because the girdle is smooth. The true southern Tonicise, however, have pectinated insertion-plates and ambient gills, like the typical Chitons ; while the northern species so-called have sharp plates and short gills. They differ, in fact, from Trachy- dermon simply in the girdle being destitute of the minute scales. I distinguish the group as ToniceUa."
This is the origin of the latter genus, which we now know is far removed from true Tonicia.
Tonicella, then, was originally nothing but a scaleless-girdled Trachydermon, with marmorea as its type-species. I have looked in
64 THE NAUTILUS.
vain through Dall ['79,] Fischer ['87,] Pilsbry ['92] and other leading modern authorities for some other tangible distinction between the two genera, but all the cited authors retain the two nearly in the exact Carpenterian sense above given, though the single diagnostic dif- ference results in their rather wide separation under Pilsbry's scheme.
The trouble with this single diagnostic difference is that according to my observations it does not exist in the type-species, marmorea.
According to my observations neither ruber rior marmoreus has scales, strictly speaking. In both (in ruber always, in marmorea usually) the girdle is set with minute, stumpy spines. In ruber these have some such shape as a thimble or short finger-cot and are thick- set, giving a shagreen-like surface, while in marmorea they are pro- portionately longer and thinner, commonly absolutely much smaller, usually (if not always) much less thickly set, often very sparse indeed and apparently sometines lacking entirely.
In other words my observations bear out the beautiful accuracy of Sars [ '78,] Tab. 8, figs. 3 a — 1. and 1 a — 1., on the basis of which he erected the genus Boreochiton expressly to contain our two forms, in ignorance of Carpenter's prior Tracliydermon.
If Sars' figures and my observations are correct there is no more ground for generically separating ruber and marmorea on the basis of girdle-character [and no other has been suggested] than there would be for putting No. 3 and No. 1 sandpapers in different genera. If indeed the two species do not actually intergrade in this character, at least the difference between the coarsest and finest (or naked) marmorea is far greater than the difference between the coarsest marmorea and the finest ruber.
The upshot is that I feel confident marmorea must be removed to Trachydermon and stand close beside T. ruber. What is to become of Tonicella after the removal of its type-species to a prior genus I leave to others.
Admitting that ruber and marmorea stand close beside one another in the same genus, how are they specifically distinguished ? I think the answer must be — only by what Dall calls " the sum of the char- acters." Gould's supposed diagnostic differences have been dealt with already. Great as is the apparent difference between the rough red-and-white striped narrow girdle of an extreme ruber and the smooth, leathery, green, wide girdle of an extreme marmorea they almost if not entirely overlap on this point also.
THE NAUTILUS. 65
The most reliable features known to me are the arrangement of the notches and radial canals of the anterior valves (which in mar- rnorea are confined to a central segment of say 100°, while in ruber they spread through nearly 180°, the limiting pair being obscure) ; and the form of the tegumentum of the mid-valves (which in mar- morea has a rather sharply convex anterior edge, and in ruber con- cave or sinuated). These characters are ascertained in so few speci- mens that I am not sure how constant they are.
I have no doubt, however, that ruber marmorea, taking the "sum of the characters," are quite valid species as such things go.
With these conclusions behind us, let us take up the new form* to be discussed.
The affinities of T. Blaneyi may be analyzed as follows1: girdle- covering, like marrnorea; girdle-color, like marmorea; punctation, like ruber; notches and canals (anterior valve,) like marmorea; form of tegumentum (mid-valves,) like ruber.
I may add that, examining large series for ribbed specimens, I find distinct though slight " ribbing " of the anterior valve in several specimens of ruber but none in marmoreal
What, now, is T. Blaneyi ? It may be pathological, but nothing suggests it. It may be a unique specimen of an established distinct species, but if so, since said to be conspicuous and occurring in much- worked waters, it must be highly local or excessively rare. It may be a " connected variant " of marmorea, but the intermediate stages of " ribbing " are missing, occuring rather in ruber; it may be a " connected variant" of ruber, but seems closer to marmorea; it may be a "disconnected variant," "sport" or " mutant," which will either become extinct or found a species and which merely happens to come from the ruber end of the marmorea series. Finally, it may be a hybrid, with the ruber tendency to wrinkling (possibly acces- tral ?) intensified by the cross as is not uncommon in such cases. My own provisional judgment would be for the latter.
While Mr. Blaney was working in Frenchman's Bay I was at work (in the summer of 1899 and 1901) in the next bay west — Blue Hill Bay. My richest ground was a small, stony area in about 12 fathoms off Harriman's Point where T. ruber was abundant while
1 Based entirely on Dr. Dall's descriptions and figures. The unique specimen is in the U. S. Nat. Mus. "Series much smaller.
66 THE NAUTILUS.
T. marmorea was rather uncommon — as indeed I found it through- out. On this spot 1 dredged the form described below — one adult and one half grown in 1899, and a young specimen in 1901.
Tonicella ruler (Lowe) var. index, nov.
In every respect typical except in color,1 which is in life an ivory- white slightly tinged with green (taking on in alcohol or formol the exact appearance of old ivory tinged faintly with yellow,) highly polished and absolutely unmarked except for a few extremely faint and minute light pink dots on the posterior edges of the mid-valves and a very conspicuous dark purple elongated triangle pointing posteriorly on the keel of the fifth valve. Girdle very pale, other- wise typical.
A color variety connected with the typical form by intermediate stages is perhaps not worth describing, but this form, while clearly close to typical ruber, appears to be quite discontinuous. Dr. Dall pronounces it new to him, which is practically to say new to science.2 In spite of the fact that the mark on the fifth valve is often recog- nizable in typical specimens (and is probably present in all, though disguised by the strong color-patterns) and in spite of the fact that very pale, almost white, valves frequently occur and sometimes (as Dall has noted) to the number of four or five in a single specimen, yet the present variety can be distinguished from any other specimen of ruber I have ever seen, across an ordinary room. It is not a mere case of faintness of the rosy marking!?. The markings are wiped out and a totally new color scheme (viz. green) introduced. My three specimens, dredged two years apart, are absolutely indis- tinguishable except for size. The first specimen dredged was adult (probably hatched the year previous) the last very young (probably breeding the next year.) It is, therefore, not connected with age and has persisted on the same spot probably for at least four years; but is not a true geographical race (in the sense, for instance in which ornithologists use the term) since it is a cohabitant with the typical form.
What, then, is T. ruber var. index? It may be pathological, or a " physiological variety " — an albino in short — but it's local persist-
1 Radula not examined.
2 In this connection Chiton marmoreus var. cceruleus Winkley should be con- sidered. See NAUTILUS VIII, p. 78, 1894.— ED.
THE NAUTILUS. 67
ence for at least four years looks otherwise. It is scarcely a " variety " in the ordinary sense, for the intermediate terms are com- pletely lacking. It is a " sport " or " mutant " in the sense of a dis- continuous variant, breeding true and founding a new centre of varia- tion ? To my mind the evidence, while wholly inconclusive, suggests that possibility.
T. Blaneyi and T. ruber var. index, add two extremely interesting problems to New England malacology-problems which are all the more interesting because further work by Mr. Blaney or some other fortunately situated student, should go far to yield a solution in the course of a few years.
I may add that the feature from which var. index takes its name — the striking dark backward-pointing triangle on the keel of the fifth valve — suggests an interesting inquiry of a different nature. It ap- pears to be a very wide spread and definite feature, appearing in various species in various groups, now more, now less disguised by conflicting color-patterns. It is by no means confimxl to the fifth valve though commonest there. I find no notice of this odd Chiton character in such examination of the literature as I have been able to make. The fifth valve appears to have no specially significant topographical relation with the internal anatomy, nor, indeed, is the hollow of the keel in any of the valves occupied by any special organ so far as I know. Has this mark, then, relation to some specializa- tion of the complicated tegumentary system of organs?1
Jamaica Plain, Mass., September, 1906.
PAPERS CITED.
CARPENTER, PHILIP P.
[763] Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with
regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Rep. Brit.
Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1863, pp. 517-686. ['73] On the generic affinities of New England Chitons. Bull. Essex Inst.,
V. No. 9, pp. 152-154, Sep. 1873, (Reprinted in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.,
4th Ser., v. XIII, pp. 119-123, 1874.)
1 Postscript. Since the above was written I have noted that in the ''List of British Marine Mollusca" published in 1902 by a committee of the Concho- logical Society of Great Britain and Ireland — apparently a very careful revision in the course of which generic questions were well considered — T. ruber and T. marmorea are, indeed, united in one genus, but that genus is Tonicella. How this result was reached I do not know.
68 THE NAUTILUS.
DALL, WM. H.
[' 79] Report on the Limpets and Chitons of the Alaskan and Arctic Regions,
with descriptions of Genera and Species believed to be new. Proc. U. S.
N. M., pp. 281-344, pi. i-v., 1879. (Republished as Art. IV in " Sci.
Results of Exploration of Alaska.")
['81] On the genera of Chitons. Proc. U. S. N. M., pp. 279-291, 1881. ['05 a] A new Chiton from the New England Coast. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash, xviii, pp. 203-204, Sept. 2, 1905. [ '05 b] A new Chiton from the New England Coast. NAUTILUS, xix. No.
8, pp. 88-90, pi. IV, Dec. 1905. FISCHER, PAUL.
['87] Manuel de Conchyliologie, etc., Paris, 1887. GOULD, AUGUSTUS A.
[ '70] Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts. 2d. ed. (Binney's)
Boston, 1870.
PILSBRY, HENRY A.
['92] Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic. Vol. XIV. Poly-
placophora. Philadelphia, 1892. POSSELT, HENRY J.
['98] GronlandsBrachiopoder ogBloddyr. Conspectus Faun. Groenlandic., i, pp. i-xix, 1-298, pi. 1-ii and map. Copenhagen (?) 1898.
SARS, G. 0.
[ '78] Mollusca Regionis Arcticae Norvegias Bidrag til kundskab. om Norg. Ark. Faun., I, pp. I-XVI, 1-466, pi. 1-34 and I-XVIII and Map. Chris- tiana, 1878.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE OVA OF UNIONIDJE.
BY L. S. FRIERSON.
When the ova of those species of Unionidse, with which I am acquainted, are first noted in the marsupia, they are spherical in shape, and consist of a single mass of yolk, surrounded with a clear fluid, probably albumen, all confined in a spherical egg-shell mem- brane. Soon after fertilization takes place, the yolk undergoes segmentation, and goes through a " mulberry " stage, and finishes with the familiar glochidium. Several interesting facts have been noted, which may prove of interest. Some young ova of a Quadrula trapezoides Lea were under observation, and being called oft' a short time, on my return I noticed that some of the ova had changed their
THE NAUTILUS. 69
shapes in the interim. Some of these ova resembled dumb bells in shape (except that the two balls were in close juxtaposition). Close observation showed that on the side of the spherical vitellus would appear a slight bump or projection. This would slowly grow until it had become as large as the remainder of the yolk, thus pro- ducing the dumb bell, apparently the fluid contents of the yolk would pour itself from one ball into another, and a motion similar to that of the well known Amoeba would result.
The other case was that of the ova of Anodonta imbecilUs Say, which were in the mulberry stage. These were revolving about an axis, making in some instances six complete turns per minute, while the axis was fixed for each individual, the direction of this axis bore no relation to anything that I could see, but were in every direction. Some were horizontal, others perpendicular and many oblique.
This revolution was confined to the inside of the shell. The egg as a whole remaining unmoved, neither the cause or object of this rotation could be noted or conjectured by me. Possibly when packed together in the marsupium, the motion would influence the shell, and so in a measure prevent congestion in the narrow gill passages.
A solution of salt would in a minute or two cause a visible con- traction of the vitellus, and the stoppage of the motion. Being curious to know if alcohol would stimulate their motions I placed a drop on the slide. In an instant an appearance resembling a violent effervescence took place, and at its close every egg-shell had burst open\ Apparently the endosmosis had so far exceeded the exosmosis as to burst the membranes.
Frierson, La., August, 1906.
SPHJEKIUM HENDERSONI N. SP.
BY V. STERKT.
Mussel large, almost equipartite, well inflated ; superior margin curved, with slightly marked rounded, or no angles where passing into the supero-anterior and posterior slopes which are slightly marked; scutum and especially scutellum distinct; anterior and posterior ends rounded, the latter scarcely drawn downward ; beaks near or in the middle in half-grown and adult specimens, markedly
70 THE NAUTILUS,.
anterior in the young, well prominent over the hinge margin, slightly inclined towards the anterior, moderately large, rounded in the adult, but with a small, more or less flattened area near the center, in some specimens bounded by a slight ridge, most noticeable in the young ; surface with moderately coarse, subregular sulcation, rather sharp to shallow, rugulose, slightly shining, with one or sometimes two well- marked, dark lines of growth ; color generally grayish in the adult, lighter over the beaks and with light, yellowish zones along the mar- gins, often with dark mottlings ; in some specimens there are irreg- ular zones of bluish ; shell moderately thick, substance white, muscle insertions distinct, those of the protractor pedis separated from the anterior adductors ; hinge moderately stout, curved, formed rather as in Sph. solidulum Pr., plate narrow, cardinal teeth short and slight ; ligament rather long, covered, or a narrow median line un- covered in old specimens.
Soft parts, in alcohol, pale, the syphons with a yellowish tinge ; palpi large ; outer branchiae comparatively small ; metapodium dis- tinct, but rather small, with the retractor pedis ; branchial cavities with numbers of young at different stages, the largest 5 mill, long, seems to be free in the cavity (not in a marsupium).
Size: long. 17.5, alt. 14, diam. 9.5 mill. (= 100:80:54.3); one specimen 18 mill. long.
Habitat : Water holes, Crow Creek, 25 miles N. E. of Greeley, Colorado, collected by Mr. Junius Henderson, curator of the museum of the University of Colorado. There were over 120 specimens in the lot, of all stages of growth, few of them full-grown ; some also were in alcohol.
So far as can be judged, the present Spharium is distinct from all described species, and except for the largest forms of S. simile Say, is the largest. The mussel is higher than in simile, the beaks nar- rower and more prominent, the shell and hinge are stouter, the sul- cation coarser, and the color and surface appearance quite different.
There is a Sphcerium from several parts of the Mississippi valley, somewhat smaller and more inflated, and partly of different outlines, regarded as distinct since 1896, but shelved. It may be a form of the present species, which was named in honor of its discoverer.
A few specimens were affected in the same way as those of S. sol- idulum Pr. from Iowa, recently described in the NAUTILUS.
THE NAUTILUS. 71
NOTES.
POPULAR CONCHOLOGY — Karl Soffel, of Paris, the well-known naturalist, has discovered that snails snore. He was experimenting with several specimens, which he had placed in a glass jar in his library, and one evening while writing he noticed a peculiar noise issuing therefrom. It sounded like a person snoring in the next room. M. Soffel approached and found that the snails were sleeping soundly and snoring peacefully, the loudest snorer of them all being the one that had lived among grape vines. — NEAT YORK AMERICAN.
PUBLICATION RECEIVED.
THE TERTIARY AND QUARTERNARY PECTENS OF CALIFORNIA. By Ralph Arnold. (U. S. Geol. Survey, Professional paper No. 47, Series C., Syst. Geol. and Paleont., 76 — Pp. 264, plates LIU ; plate I, a sketch map of California). Students of West American Mollusks are greatly indebted to Dr. Ralph Arnold for his mono- graph on this subject. In the introduction he says, of the first part, it " Is a brief outline of the different Tertiary and Pleistocene for- mations of California, giving the type localities, where, when and by whom first described, their salient characters, where they and their supposed equivalents are known to occur, the species of Pecten found in them and their typical fauna as far as known." These faunal lists will be very useful to students. The second part of the work describes and illustrates the Tertiary, Pleistocene, and recent Pectens, from Alaska to the Gulf of California, including the latter. The classification follows Dr. Dall's " Tertiary Fauna of Florida."
The number of Pectens listed for California is 93, of these fifty species and varieties are described as new.
The well-known form of Pecten ezquisulcatus Cpr. is figured as a variety of Pecten circularis Sowerby, instead of P. ventricosus Sby. Pecten hindsii Cpr. is listed as a var. of Pecten hastatus Cpr. rather than hericeus, as lately listed, the latter now ranking as a variety also of hastatus. Dr. Arnold writes the name as hericius Gould rather than the better known form " hericeus." Dr. Dall's Ms. name of Pecten (C.) hericius var. albidus and P. (Pseudamusium^) randolphi Dall, var. tillamookensis, are two new varietal names of Pectens known only among recent forms.
72 THE NAUTILUS.
The bibliography ranges from 1829 to 1905.
A list of bulletins issued by the U. S. Geol. Sur., under Series C., Systematic Geology and Paleontology, is appended to this val- uable monograph. — MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON.
THE UROCOPTID MOLLUSKS FROM THE MAINLAND OF AMERICA
IN THE COLLECTION OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. By Paul
Bartsch. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1906, pp. 109-160, 3 plates). This paper deals chiefly with Mexican species, describing a number of new species and subspecies, and several new subgenera of great interest. The United States forms represented in the National Museum are also reviewed, and two described as new: Holospira goldfussi anacachensis, from the Anacacha Mts.,near Cline and Spofford, and from near Eagle Pass, Texas. It differs from yoldfussi by the fewer and stronger ribs. Holospira (Baplocion) tantalus, from ''some- where in Arizona or New Mexico." No comparisons are given, but it is said to be distinct from H. pilsbryi. It is what has been reported as pilsbryi from the above territories. H. pilsbryi is to be removed from the U. S. list.
The following errors or emendations require notice because they enter into nomenclature:
Microceramus texasianus (p. 158) is used for M. texanus Pils.
Microceramus mexicauus (p. 159) should be credited to von Martens, not Pfeiffer.
Ceelocentrum eiseni (p. 119) is used in place of C. eisenianum Pils.
If these changes are intended as corrections or emendations, that fact should, we think, have been stated; but the introduction of new forms or spellings of specific names on any grounds is to be deprecated. -H. A. P.
NOTES ON WISCONSIN MOLLUSCA. By George H. Chadwick (Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., IV, pp. 67-99, 1906.) A valuable annotated list containing 115 species, giving their distribution throughout the State, bibliography, etc.
NOTES ON SOME LAND AND FRESH WATER SHELLS FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA. By J. F. Whiteaves (The Ottawa Naturalist, XX, pp. 115-119, 1906). An interesting faunal list containing upwards of thirty species.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XX. NOVEMBER, 1906. No. 7.
ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF HELIX HORTEN8IS MUELLER, IN NORTH
AMERICA.
BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON.
The object of this paper is to record in full our present knowledge of tlie distribution of this species in North America, and to bring to- gether the scattered literature bearing on the subject.
This species which presents such an interesting problem in geo- graphical distribution was first recorded from North America in 1829 by a Mrs. Sheppard, of Woodfield, in an article " On the recent shells which characterize Quebec and its environs." In this she states that Helix hortensis is " found on the bank near the plain of Abraham, common in the spring." In 1837 2 Amos Binney de- scribed the "olivaceous yellow," non-banded variety as Helix sub- globosa, stating that it " is common on the lower parts of Cape Cod and Cape Ann, and is very abundant on Salt Island, a rocky unin- habited island near Gloucester." This seems to be the first New England record, for it is not mentioned by either John M. Earle or Col. Jos. G. Totten in their lists of Massachusetts and New England shells in 1833.3
Dr. A. A. Gould in 1841,* under Helix hortensis, adds to the
1 Transactions of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, I, p. 193' 1829.
J Boston Journal of Natural History, I, p. 488, pi. 17, 1837.
1 Hitchcock's Kept, on the Geology, etc., Mass., pp. 557, 559, 1833.
*Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, p. 172, 1841.
74 THE NAUTILUS
localities above cited, "the region of Portland, Maine," and also gives the St. Lawrence. In 1843 Dr. J. W. Mighels, in his cata- logue of the shells of Maine,1 refers to H. hortensis as follows : " Captain Walden has recently detected this species on a little island in Casco Bay. It must be very plentiful as he obtained more than five hundred specimens in a few hours. * * : Most of them have five dark brown bands on a yellow ground ; some four, some two, and a few none. Some have light fawn-colored bands on a white ground ; in others, in place of colored bands the yellow ground is interrupted with nearly transparent zones, one beautiful specimen is hetero- strophed." The latter probably represents the mutation sinistrosum of British authors, and seems to be the only American record. In the same year James E. DeKay a under H. sulglolosa says: " I am indebted to Col. Totten of the United States engineers for my ac- quaintance with this species, which he found near the shore of the St. Lawrence, two hundred miles below Quebec."
In 1851 s Amos Binney adds to his previous remarks on its geo- graphical distribution, as follows : " It is also said to occur in the northern part of Vermont, in Maine, Canada on the St. Lawrence, Nova Scotia, and the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon." In re- ferring to changes which have taken place he says: "The prevalent characters of this, and probably of other species in a given locality, seem to undergo a considerable change from time to time. When I first visited Salt Island, where the species abounds, ten years ago, it was impossible to find a single specimen with either lines or bands. One uniform color prevailed throughout. At the present time the banded varieties are said to be not uncommon." To this Dr. Gould appends the following note : " They have recently been discovered by Dr. Samuel Cabot, in great numbers, on House Island, another of the little islets in the vicinity of Cape Ann, where all of them are of the banded variety. On the Outer Gooseberry, another neighbor- ing islet, he found still another variety.
Mr. Samuel Tufts, Jr., in " A List of Shells Collected at Swamp- scot, Lynn and Vicinity" (Proc. Essex Inst., I, p. 32, 1853), says :
1 Boston Journal of Natural History, IV, p. 332, 1843. 'Natural History of New York, Mollusca, Pt. V, p. 32, 1843. 1 The Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States (edited by A. A. Gould), II, p. 112, 1851.
THE NAUTILUS. 75
"Helix hortensis may be added to this list on the authority of Wm. A. Phillips, Esq."
Prof. Edward S. Morse in 1864, in his valuable paper, " Observa. tions on the Terrestrial Pulmoniferaof Maine, etc.,1 places the species under the genus Tachea with the following note : " This species has been found in abundance on several islands from Casco Bay to Grand Manan; Mr. Fuller found them on one of the extreme outer islands of Casco Bay in great profusion."
In 1868 O. A. L. Mb'rch, under Helicogena hortensis in his paper " On the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of Greenland," ' says : " Dr. Beck writes in his manuscript above this species : ' Wormskiold has told me that he has found on the leaves of the small shrubs of Salix lanatus in the vicinity of the interior of the Gulf of Tgaliko a banded snail not unlike our garden snail. Two years ago (1844?) I obtained a dead specimen from Greenland, probably introduced.' It is certainly found in Iceland." See, also, Morch, "On the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of Iceland," page 42, of the same journal.
In 1869 W. G. Binney and T. Bland in " Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America," 3 refer to the distribution of this species as follows : " An European species introduced by commerce (?) to the northeastern portion of North America. It is found on the islands along the coast from Newfoundland to Cape Cod, and on the mainland plentifully at Gaspe, C. E., also along the St. Lawrence, Vermont (?), Connecticut (?), etc."
The above records give all we know of what may be called the early history of this species in America, and clearly show that at that time its distribution was practically as it is at present. The following records are, therefore, probably only the results of more careiul collecting over the same area. In taking up in detail the distribution of H, hortensis, 1 will commence at the most southern locality and go northward.
The Connecticut record is very doubtful, being based entirely on J. H. Linsley's Catalogue of the Shells of Connecticut, 1845.*
r. Portland Society of Natural History, I, p. 10, 1864; also American Naturalist, I, p. 186, fig. 16, 1867.
3 American Journal of Conchology, IV, p. 38, 1868.
3 Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, VIII, p. 181, 1869.
4 American Journal Science, XLVIII, p. 280, 1845.
76 THE NAUTILUS.
" Helix subylobosa (?) Binney, Weston, Gould, 172." The late John H. Thomson, in his paper on •' The Land Mollusca of Bristol County, Massachusetts," * says : " I have found large numbers of the bright lemon-yellow variety of this shell on Martha's Vineyard near Gay Head, never on the mainland. Of course introduced from Europe. I tried some in my garden [New Bedford], but the slugs Limax, Arion, etc., devoured the young, and I could never succeed in getting matured specimens." Rev. H. W. Winkley informs me that Rev. Geo. D. Reid has found it in the shell heaps on Martha's Vineyard.
In 1870 Dr. H. A. Pilsbry records this species from Nantucket.1 They were taken by the late Dr. Harrison Allen at Sciasconset, the four specimens showing the following variations : uniform yellow (var. lutea), four and five bands, and one with five translucent almost colorless bands. During the same year Dr. Benj. Sharp also found it in the town of Nantucket, and later, on the adjacent island of Tuckernuck, all of the uniform lemon-yellow variety.
In 1904 the writer reported the finding of this species at Chatham, Mass.* Although I am aware that it was collected there long before, it apparently has not been recorded. They were all very pale yellow and bandless, the var. subalbida Locard. Some of the older specimens had entirely lost their epidermis, and were chalky- white, but still as active as their offspring. They were abundant on the steep bluff in front of the light-houses, although I did not dis- cover their presence until a rainy day brought them from their hid- ing place ; not even a dead shell indicated their existence. Mr. L. R. Reynolds informs me that he has collected H. hortensis on Morris Island, a wooded island just south of Chatham.
There is a tray of specimens in the museum of the Boston Society of Natural History from Provincetown, Mass., collected by Mr. L. L. Thaxter. All are the bright yellow, bandless variety (lutea). A few uniform light yellow specimens were found by Mr. A P. Morse among some cedars near " Old Harbor," Cohasset, Mass.
The next localities to consider are those of the Cape Ann region. W. G. Binney in his Manual of American Land Shells,* page 496,
1 Journal of Conchology (British), IV, p. 373, 1885.
»The NAUTILUS, IV, pp. 24 and 48, 1890.
1 The NAUTILUS, XVIII, p. 45, 1904.
* Bulletin, U. S. National Museum, No. 28, pp. 467 and 496, 1885.
THE NAUTILUS. 77
gives "Eagle Island, Marhlehead ; House Island, Manchester; Kettle Island, Cape Ann." It is also to be found on the mainland at Manchester, Magnolia, Gloucester and Rockport.
Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, in a paper on " Helix hortensis in America," * describes the following varieties from Magnolia : pallida Ckll., " pale purplish or purplish-brown, without bands ;" quinque- vittata Moq., " yellow with five bands ;" rufozonata Ckll., straw- colored with red-brown bands, five in number ; also the varieties subalbida, lutea and subglobosa. Later Prof. Cockerell, on the " Variations of Helix hortensis at Rockport, Mass.," ' describes the following varieties : sub glob o sa ; arenicola, "bands colorless, translu- cent, 12345 ; " subalbida and lutea, the latter showing some fifteen different band formulae including 00000, 12345, 123(45), (123)(45), 10345, 12045. The latter specimens were collected by Mr. G. H. Clapp, who is quoted as follows : " The bandless or very faintly banded forms were by far the most common. Typical shells were scarce, even less plentiful than the transparent banded variety. On rainy days the shells were out by the hundreds."
The first locality north of Cape Ann from which this species is re- corded is some of the outer islands of Casco Bay. Mrs. A. S. Packard has kindly donated to the Boston Society of Natural His- tory a large series of this species from the collection of the late Prof. Packard. These were collected on Brown Cow Island, Casco Bay. The olive-green variety (subgloboscf) predominates, grading insensibly icto the yellow (lutea)', the banded forms represent about ten per cent, while a corresponding number could be referred to the variety arenicola. Rev. H. W. Winkley has found it on Inner Green Island, and Mr. W. H. Weeks, Jr., on Cliff or Crotch Island. In a letter from Mr. H. K. Morrell, he writes : " I was at Seguin two days this week and the keeper, Capt. H. L. Spinney, happened to say that Helix hortensis was found on Pumpkin Knob, on the east side of Sheepscot Bay, and was abundant on Matinicus." Mr. Owen Bryant found the five-banded form on Seal Rock, one of the Matinicus Group. Mr. Arthur H. Norton also reported it from Seal Rock, and has found it on Mosquito or Little Egg Rock, Muscongus Bay. I have a specimen in my collection labeled " Spruce Head, Me." Mr.
1 The NAUTILUS, III, p. 139, 1890. a The NAUTILUS, XIII, p. 32, 1899.
78 THE NAUTILUS.
Morris Schick collected it at Bar Harbor. Mr. H. S. Colton and later Mr. Dwight Blaney record it as " common" on Little Duck Island, near Frenchman's Bay.1
It is also reported from Grand Manan, Halifax and Cape Breton, while from the Gaspe region it has been collected by a number of persons. Dr. John M. Clarke found it very common on the lime- stone area at Perce. Mr. A. W. Hanham, in an article on the " Mollusca of the Gaspe region,"2 says : "•Helix hortensis was very common on the hillside, generally buried in the sand, several varie- ties were taken, the plain form seemed to be the most abundant." They were collected at Barachois, and in a beautiful series which he sent to me at the time, I find several specimens in which the bands are all united (12345). It has also been found at Gaspe Basin by Mr. F. R. Latchford. Abbe Provancher lists it from the Province of Quebec as " H. nemoralis." 3
Specimens from Wreck Harbor, East Cape, Anticosta. collected by members of the " Arethusa" expedition in 1880, are in the col- lection of the Boston Society of Natural History. In Newfoundland the species seerns to extend along the greater portion of the west coast. In a recent letter from Mr. L. P. Gratacap he says: "I found H. hortensis in considerable numbers in Newfoundland, in damp, woody ravines, in the two Codroy valleys, principally in the Little Codroy. They were deep in color, with and without bands. I did not see it on the east coast." Mr. Owen Bryant also failed to find it on the east coast. Mr. G. H. Clapp*says: "A friend has just brought me a living example of //. hortensis (12345) from the headwaters of Robinson's River, west coast of Newfoundland." This locality is not far above the Great Codroy. Mr. John Bryant, Jr., found it at the Serpentine River, June 20, 1905, and Dr. John Bryant at the mouth of East River, Hawkes Bay. During the past summer (July 8, 1906) Drs. C. W. Townsend and G. M. Allen also collected a beautiful series from the same locality on Hawkes Bay. They found them only at the one place, feeding OH the " cow parsnip." All were the bright yellow variety (lutea) with (12345) and without bands.
1 The NAUTILUS, XVII, p. 99, and XVIII, p. 46, 1904. J The NAUTILUS, VII, p. 65, 1893. 8 Le Naturaliste Canadien, XIX, p. 186, 1890. *The NAUTILUS, XIV, p. 72, 1900.
THE NAUTILUS. 79
Dr. Wro. H. Dall in his work on Land and Fresh-water Mollusca,1 gives Labrador, but the exact locality is not recorded. Only the single specimen referred to by Morch has been found in Greenland. Dr. Dall thinks that it is doubtless an accidental importation. In Iceland the species still exists, as will be seen from the following letter from Mr. Gratacap : " I found hortensis this last summer in Iceland, where it assumes a very dark tint, with the longitudinal yellow threads strongly marked and the revolving dark bands re- duced to one. They were fragile and very scarce. I have only three from Seydisfiord, on the east coast."
The origin of this species in America has been the subject of con- siderable discussion. Amos Binney, in describing subglobosa, and comparing it with the European hortensis, and the possibility of its being introduced by commerce, says : " It would be difficult, how- ever, to account for their inhabiting the barren and retired situations at the extremity of Cape Cod, and the rocky islands in the neighbor- hood of Cape Ann, while in the intermediate country they are not found." Later (1851) he believed its origin in this country to be due to commercial intercourse with Europe. Prof. Edw. S. Morse in 1864 (loc. cit.) asks this question : "If this species is really iden- tical with the Tdchea hortensis of Europe, it seems a little singular that here it should only be found on islands frequently barren and far out from the land, * * while in the old country they become a nuisance in gardens." This is only another way of saying that if this species was introduced by commerce, why do we not find it in the gardens of Portland, Salem and Boston, instead of on the barren islands and exposed headlands ?
W. G. Binney has always questioned its introduction by commerce, and later (1890) informs Prof. Cockerell (NAUTILUS, III, 139) that he regards the species as naturally present in America, an opinion in which Prof. Cockerell also concurs and refutes the theory " that the hardy Norsemen of old may have carried the snails about for food, and so imported it where they went." It seems too bad to shatter this fabulous, though pertinent story, before the poet has had a chance to versify. Dr. Pilsbry did not, however, coincide with Prof. Cockerell's idea that it is a native American (see NAUTILUS, IV, 24, 1890), and later in the Manual of Conchology (IX, p. 321, 1894), says : " H. hortensis inhabits many of the islands off the New
1 Harriman Alaska Expedition, XIII, p. 20, 1905.
80 THE NAUTILUS.
England coast, and being found in pre-Columbian kitchen-midden deposits, cannot be regarded as a recent immigrant. Possibly it may be the sole survivor of that Viking incursion in the eleventh cen- tury." Rev. Henry "W. Winkley, in an interesting article, " Helix hortensis in New England" (NAUTILUS, XVII, p. 121, 1904), sug- gests that it is a survivor of the pre-glacial period. "When we con- sider its present distribution and power to withstand even the climate of Iceland, this seems to be the only solution of the problem, which is further strengthened by its discovery in the Pleistocene by Dr. Dall (loc. cit.), who says : " The wide distribution of the species, often on uninhabitable islets off a coast little frequented, and its presence, which I have verified, in the glacial Pleistocene of Maine, tends to confirm the view that it is a prehistoric immigrant if an immigrant at all."
The question which now arises is this : Why does Helix hortensis continue to occupy the outer islands and headlands and not spread further inland ? I think this can be quite readily explained, as far as the New England coast is concerned, by taking into consideration the geological character of the coast and the conditions most favor- able to the life of land mollueks. The New England coast is com- posed almost exclusively of granitic rocks, or, on Cape Cod, of sand and gravel, both very unfavorable geological conditions for mollusca, owing to the absence of lime ; even the more common species of the eastern United States are comparatively few on the coastal area. Again, the atmospheric conditions even slightly removed from the outer shore line are very different from the islands and headlands, continually bathed by the ocean's spray. These barren locations make up in lime and moisture what they lack in vegetation; the islets are also probably much more free from mice, rats and forest fires, which on the mainland destroy large numbers of snails. Poly- gyra albolabris and Pyramidula alternata are much more abundant on the islands than on the adjacent mainland, nor do these remarks apply only to the New England coast. The sandy pine and scrub oak barrens of southern New Jersey are void of land shells, while on the islands separated from the mainland by a wide expanse of salt marsh, and numerous creeks and bays, Polygyra albolabris var. maritima is quite abundant. The distribution of hortensis along the broad estuary of the St. Lawrence is undoubtedly due to favorable physical conditions.
THE NAUTILUS. 81
A LIST OF SHELLS FKOM NEBRASKA.
BY BRYANT WALKER.
The shells enumerated in the following list were all collected by Dr. R. H. Wolcott, of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.
Many of the localities represented are in counties not covered by Aughey's List (Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 18, p. 697), so that while not lar^e, the collection makes a considerable addition to our knowl-
D *
edge of the distribution of the different species in the State.
Dr. Pilsbry has kindly identified the Vertigo and Bifidaria.
Polygyra profunda Say. Omaha.
Polygyra multilineata Say.
Polygyra multilineata alba Witter.
Polygyra multilineata rubra Witter.
Omaha. A rather small, solid and elevated form. The four specimens measure 2Qi x 15£, 20§ x 15, 20 x 15£, 20£ x 14 mm.
Bellevue. A single, small, globose, greenish-brown, unicolored specimen measuring 16§ x 12^ mm.
Polygyra fraterna Say. Omaha. A small elevated, perforate form varying from 12f-13^ x 4f-5^ mm. Salt Creek, Roca. Simi- lar in shape, but rather larger, 13-14 x 5-5-^ mm.
Bifidaria contracta Say. Roca.
Bifidaria pentodon tappaniana Ad. Monroe Canyon, Sioux Co.
Vertigo ovata Say. Monroe Canyon.
Vitrea hammonis Strom. Roca.
Euconulus chersinus polygyratus Pils. Omaha, Roca and Monroe Canyon.
Zonitoides arborea Say. Lincoln, Roca and Monroe Canyon.
Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pils. Monroe Canyon.
Vallonia parvula Sterki. Roca.
Succinea grosvenori Lea. Salt Basin, Lincoln. A small, rather thick-shelled form, largest specimen 10x8 mm.
Hackberry Lake, Cherry Co. A large, thin-shelled form, quite variable in contour, the two largest specimens measuring 14| x 10^, aperture 7^x11 and 15^x10, aperture 7x10 mm. Immature shells are very similar to those from Lincoln, but more inflated.
Succinea retusa Lea. Hackberry Lake and Marsh Lake, Cherry County.
Succinea avara Say. Roca and Monroe Canyon.
82 THE NAUTILUS.
Lymnsea reflexa Say. St. Michaels, Buffalo Co., and Bellevue.
Lymnsea caperata Say. West Point, Cuming Co., and Dewey's Lake, Cherry Co.
Lymnsea desidiosa Say. Monroe Canyon.
Lymnsea palustrts Mull. Dewey's Lake and Marsh Lake, Cherry County.
Physa anatina Lea. Lincoln ; Washington, Cedar Co. ; Roca and Platte River.
Physa gyrina Say. West Point, St. Michaels and South Bend.
Physa gyrina hildrethiana Lea. Lincoln and Hat Creek Valley, opposite Monroe Canyon.
Physa gyrina oleacea Tryon. Bellevue.
Physa heterostropha Say ? Omaha. A few very young specimens seem referable to this species.
Physa ancillaria Say. Hackberry Lake, Dewey's Lake and " Sink " near Dewey's Lake, Cherry Co. Fine, large specimens. Those from the u Sink " are elegantly striped like Lymn<za reflexa zebra, a rare occurrence in this genus.
St. Michael. A more typical example.
Physa sayi warreniana Lea. Lincoln.
Physa Sp. ? Dewey's Lake, Cherry Co. A single specimen re- sembling P. aplectoides Sterki, but with a short, obtuse spire and well-impressed suture.
Aplexa hypnorum L. Dewey's Lake and Marsh Lake, Cherry Co.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. Bellevue, St. Michael, Lincoln, Hack- berry Lake and Dewey's Lake, Cherry Co., Omaha and South Bend.
Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Sidney, Cheyenne Co. One example is slightly transversely striate, approaching var. striatus.
Planorbis parims Say. Omaha and Lincoln.
Segmentina armigera Say. Omaha.
Ancylus shimekii Pils. Galloway.
Ancylus rivularis Say. Deadman's Run, Lincoln.
Ancylus tardus Say. Lincoln.
Ancylus Sp. ? Lincoln.
Amnicola limosa Say. Lincoln.
Sphterium simile Say. Lincoln.
Sphcerium stamineum Con. Salt Creek, Lincoln.
Sphcerium striatinum Lam. Lincoln.
Musculium jayanum Prime. Lincoln.
THE NAUTILUS.
Mmculium trantversum Prime. South Bend, Cass Co., and "Wood- lawn Creek, Lincoln.
Musculium secure Prime. Lincoln. Pisidium Sp. ? Omaha. Lampsilis luteolus Lam. Blue River, Crete. Lampsilis purvus Bar. Lincoln. Lampsilis sitbrostratus Say. Lincoln. Unio tetralasmus Say. Lincoln. Anodonta grandis Say. Lincoln.
NOTES.
LYMNAEA MEGASOMA. This species is abundant in Cobalt Lake, the centre of the wonderful silver-cobalt mines that now hold the attention of the world. No shell is found in an environment of such enormous qualities of precious mineral. Untold millions in value of silver ores, running in many cases over $5,000 to the ton, surround the placid lake, the waters of which are so strongly impregnated with arsenic as to cause serious intestinal trouble to those who use it. L. megasoma however lives and thrives, attaining large size and pre- serving to a ripe old age the beautiful brown epidermis cha.'acteristic of young shells. I have also found L. megasoma in Lake Temagami, the terrestrial paradise of the Algonquins — the North West Arm of Lake Nipissing, and at the mouth of French River. It doubtless occurs in suitable waters across New Ontario from the Albany River to Lake Abittibi. — F. R. LATCHFORD, Ottawa, Ont.
MIGRATION OF SCALLOPS. — The fact that beds of scallops in New Bedford and Fairhaven waters and along the Cape shore are being rapidly thinned out, and in some places completely exhausted, while new beds are being constantly located about Nantucket, is alleged to be causing the Massachusetts Fish and Game Commission to perfect a system of procuring more definite data regarding the movements of this toothsome shellfish.
Although the Nantucket fishermen will not commence dredging before November 1st, they are keeping up a continual watch for new scallop beds, and almost daily one of the boatmen will report large beds of the shellfish on flats and shoals which only a week or so be- fore were barren. And the old beds which give promise of such a
84 THE NAUTILUS.
rich harvest again this year are being watched with interest. The scallops at Nantucket are in prime condition this year, and the " eyes " are much larger than usual.
The Fish Commission experts are now desirous of obtaining defi- nite data concerning the movements of scallops, and have liberated in Nantucket harbor a number of the shellfish to which copper tags have been attached. For the success of this experiment the com- missioners look to the fishermen themselves, who are requested, whenever a tagged scallop is found, to record the same to the experts on their next visit to the island. It is known that the scallop is cap- able of moving through the water quite rapidly by simply opening and closing its shell, but how far it can go in a certain length of time is what the Fish Commission wants to find out. Perhaps it may develop through this experiment that scallops migrate from the Cape shore across the sound to Nantucket. — (Boston Evening Transcript.)
THE SENIOR EDITOR OF THE NAUTILUS, in company with Mr. Jas. H. Ferriss, is on a collecting trip in Arizona. He expects to be absent about six weeks.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
THE BEHAVIOR OF THE POND SNAIL. Lymnseus elodes Say. By Herbert E. Walter (Cold Spring Harbor, Monographs, vi). An interesting series of experiments and observations.
NEW MOLLUSCA FROM THE PERSIAN GULF, ETC. By J. Cosmo
Melvill (Proc. Mai. Soc., London, vii, p. 69). Thirty-one new spe- cies of Gastropoda and one new Scaphopod are described and figured.
CAPULUS LISSUS SMITH, AS TYPE OF A PROPOSED NEW SUB- GENL-S (MALLUVIUM) OF AMALTHEA. By J. Cosmo Melvill (Proc. Mai. Soc., London, vii, p. 81). Under this subgenus is also placed the Arnalthea benthophila Dall.
MOLLUSCA FROM THREE HUNDRED FATHOMS OFF SYDNEY. By C. Hedley and "W. F. Petterd (Records of the Australian Mus., vi, p. 212). About 100 species are recorded, of which 11 are new.
THE NAUTILUS.
Vor,. XX. DECEMBER, 1906. No. 8.
ABALONES AND THE PENAL CODE OF CALIFORNIA.
BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON.
A rule, or tape-measure, is not considered necessary when collect- ing shells along the beach, but if one would not pay too dear for his shells on the Pacific Coast of North America it were well to take some cognizance of the size of the Halioti detached from the rocky coast, especially during certain months of the year.
Some years ago the writer presented to the American Association of Conchologists a series of young Haliotis cracherodii Leech ; but one would not dare to undertake it now that the law was passed pro- hibiting the collecting of such shells ; for it is the young or small specimens that the statute protects.
In the Penal Code of California, section 628, the law prohibiting the collecting of abalones1 was incorporated and approved February 12, 1903, as an amendment to the section for the protection and preservation of lobsters, crabs, etc. The law as then amended in regard to abalones reads, "or any abalone shells or abalones the size of which shall measure less than fifteen inches around the outer edge of the shell." In 1905 this statute was amended, the size of the shell allowed by law being three inches less in circumference for the black abalone. It now reads as follows :
" Every person who between the 1st day of April and the 15th day
1 Monterey county appears to have taken the initiative in regulating aba- lone-fisliing by passing an ordinance. See Dr. R. E. C. Stearns' article in THE NAUTILUS for Nov., 1899, Vol. xiii, p. 81.
86 THK NAUTILUS.
of September of each year, buys, sells, takes, catches, kills or has in his possession * * * any abalones or abalone shells of the kind known to commerce as the black abalones (Haliotis Cu/ifornica), the shell of which shall measure less than twelve inches around the outer edge of the shell, or any other abalone shells, or abalones, the shell of which shall measure less than fifteen inches around the outer edge of the shell, is guilty of a misdemeanor."
Is this law enforced?
II. I. Piitchard, Deputy State Fish Commissioner, says : "Sec- tion G28 has been enforced the same as any other section of the fish and game laws."
In answer to my inquiry for THE NAUTILUS, he writes: " I can only give you the names and dates of my personal cases : August 13, 1904, at Anacapa Island Bay, Webster of Venture, small shells, fined $20.00, first offense. Same clay and place, Henry Ireland, of Los Angeles, same fine. September 13, 1906, James Greenbeck, at Redondo, small shells, fined $20.00. There has been a gang of Japanese arrested near San Clemente Island, and again near Santa Cruz Island and heavily find both times, but cannot give names and dates; they used a diving suit and took 45,000 shells in 60 days."
Instead of mentioning " Haliotis californica" as the name of the black abalone, our lawmakers would have clone better had they left the shell with the familiar name of commerce instead of giving the scientific one. It is to be presumed the name "Haliotis californica" is intended for Haliotis californiensis? but this latter name belongs to a rare variety of the black abalone (Hatiolis crac/tcrodii), not, to my knowledge, collected north of the Mexican line. No concholo- gist would testily that the common young black abalones were //. californica or H. califormensis, but there is a saving clause in the statute that would prohibit a culprit from escape because of the technicality of a wrong name. It is this: " or any other abalone shells, or absilones," evidently intended for the larger red and green species (Haliotis nifescens, Haliotis fitlyens, etc.).
Abalone fisheries are confined to California. One is located a few miles from Monterey, another at Whites' Point in Los Angeles county. Dried ^abalones are prepared and shipped to China from
1 Dr. H. A. Pilsbry on Haliotis cracherodii var. Calif or nien sis Swains. THE NAUTILUS, Vol. xii, no. 7. p. 79.
THE NAUTILUS. 87
San Diego. The Japanese are the men employed as divers. In 1900 the diving armor with air pumps came into use. Before that the product from the Los Angeles county abalone fishery was in one year, 1899, " GO, 000 pounds of dried abalones and 30,000 pounds of shells of $7,800 value."1
It is said that the Chinese and Japanese are the consumers of this white, boneless mollusk (the foot of the animal is the part used, and this is white, no matter what the color of the shell may be); but I have known of persons eating this shell-fish — not previously dried as prepared for shipping — perfectly unconscious that the name given to the soup, or fritters, masked the real one. Cans of daintily pre- pared abalones, with another name, are among grocery supplies and the contents of a can with butter, milk, salt and pepper, all heated in a chafing-dish, is odorous and tender enough to please the palate of any fish consumer.
Hollywood, Los Angeles, Cat., November 9, 1906.
NEW PISIDIA.
BY V. STERKI.
Pis. neglectum, n. sp. Mussel of small size, slightly to scarcely oblique, rather rounded in outlines, moderately to rather well in- flated ; superior margin slightly curved or nearly straight, with more or less marked angles where passing into the anterior and posterior, supero-anterior slope generally marked, slightly curved, anterior end rounded angular, posterior part subtruncate, inferior margin moder- ately curved ; beaks slightly posterior, rather narrow, rounded or somewhat flattened on top, moderately projecting over the superior margin ; surface with fine, subregular to irregular, crowded, con- centric striae, microscopically rugulose, dullish or somewhat shining; over the beaks there are much finer concentric strife to the center, and the surface is not rngulose, more shining; color light to yellow- ish horn to whitish, shell translucent to rather opaque, rather thin; hinge rather slight, well formed, plate comparatively broad ; right cardinal tooth rather short, strongly curved, not reaching the lower
. Kept. Fish Commission, 1901.
88 THE NAUTILUS.
edge of the plate, its posterior end much thicker, deeply grooved or bifid ; there is an impressed groove between it and the edge of the plate; left anterior strongly curved to sharply angular and bent up- ward, the posterior oblique, curved ; '* lateral teeth " moderately stout, the outer ones of the right valve distinct, the anterior left cusp pointed, abrupt, the surfaces of all cusps rugulose ; ligament rather strong.
Long. 3, alt. 2.6, diam. 1.8 in., types, and average.
Soft parts not examined.
Habitat : North America ; widely distributed and common in Ohio, Michigan and Illinois, and probably over the Nearctic prov- ince, seen also from New York, Canada and Alabama; living in all kinds of waters. The specimens regarded as types are from a brook at Krumroy, Summit Co., Ohio, 1000 (No. 3265, collection of Cycladidoe).
This Pisidium was regarded as probably distinct years ago ; since then the material has been looked over and compared dozens of times. It seems to be the central form of a group which is one of the most difficult to deal with of all our Pisidta. There are a host of forms ranging under it or near it, really or apparently, and if only a few specimens from various places were on hand, they might well be regarded as distinct. But among the thousands seen, there are more or less plainly intermediate forms. Some are still under doubt and scrutiny, and waiting for additional material in order to ascer- tain their true positions. Some forms have a slight resemblance to some small forms of the polymorphous " abdtlum Hald.," others to small forms of noveboracense Pr. It may also be said that the more typical specimens resemble Pis. pusillum Gmel. more than any other of our Pisidia does.
Var. (?) corpulentum n. Larger, more inflated, somewhat more elongate and oblique, beaks generally somewhat more posterior, large, prominent ; concentric striae coarser, surface more dull, color whitish to yellowish, to grayish, and even bluish with lighter zones along the margins.
Hab.: Grand River, Grand Rapids, Mich., collected repeatedly by Dr. R. J. Kirkland in good numbers ; a similar Pisidium is from Sillycash creek, near Joliet, 111., collected by Messrs. J. H. Ferriss and J. H. Handwerk. It seems that these forms are connected with Pis. neglectum, although the Grand River, Mich, form, is considerably different and appears to be distinct.
THE NAUTILUS. 89
Pi's, trapezoideum St. (described in the NAUTILUS, IX, p. 124, 1896), from the middle Atlantic States, and probably the same from Grand Rapids, Michigan, is very different from neglectum, yet there may be intermediate forms connecting the two. Should that prove true, trapezoideum would probably better be regarded as a specially differentiated form, a variety of neglectum, and not vice versa. Priority cannot be considered if there are better reasons for a differ- ent point of view.
THE BROOKLYN CONCHOLOGICAL CLUB.
To the Nautilus :
The Brooklyn Conchological Club was formed over two years ago by a number of collectors and admirers of shells. Several of the members have extensive and valuable collections, the product of many years of careful selection and world-wide correspondence with collectors. THE NAUTILUS is a welcome visitor at the club. Two of our members' names are found on its advertising pages, and occasionally an article appears from the pen of our esteemed friend and conchologist, Mr. Sloman Rons. We hope to hear of similar clubs in other cities, and from individual collectors.
At the October meeting of the Brooklyn Conchological Club, Mr. Maxwell Smith exhibited specimens of the shells collected by him last summer in Otsego County, N. Y., also a map of the stations visited. Mr. Smith gave an interesting account of his experience in collecting. A list of the shells exhibited includes 54 species.
SILAS C. WHEAT.
SHELLS OF RICHFIELD SPRINGS, NEW YORK AND VICINITY.
BY MAXWELL SMITH.
The following species were all found in Otsego Co., with the ex- ception of those from Weaver and Young's Lakes (Little Lakes), Herkimer Co. The collection was made in July and August, 1906. It is interesting to note that Lymnsea yracilts Jay was reported from Canadarago Lake previous to 1870 by a number of authors. I hunted diligently for this species but did not find it. From Allan
90 THE NAUTILUS.
Lake the water flows into Otsego Lake and a number of species occur which are not found in Canarlarago. From the latter the streams empty into the Susquehanna River and species finally inter- mingle.
Amnicola limosa Say. In every lake and a large number of streams.
Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Canadarago Lake.
Valvata tricarinata Say. Weaver, Canadarago and Allan Lakes.
Somatogyrus integer Sa}'. Sunset Creek.
Campeloma decisum Say. Canadarago Lake.
Omphalina fuliginosa Griflf. Sunset Hill, near Canadarago Lake.
Omphalina inornata Say. Sunset Hill.
Zonitoides nitidus Miiller. Woods near Richfield Spa.
Zonitoides arboreus Say. Sunset Hill.
Gfstrodonta ligera Say. Sunset Hill.
Pyramidula allernata Say. Everywhere with other species (one albino farm).
Pyramidula striatella Anthony. East of Sunset Hill.
Polygyra tridentata Say. Sunset Hill, west of Canadarago Lake.
Polygyra Sayi Binney. Sunset Hill, east of Canadarago Lake, near Oak Creek.
Polyyyra albolabris Say. Cooperstown, near Canadarago Lake, Sunset Hill.
Polygyra palUata Say. Washed down Town Creek.
Polygyra tlyroides Say. East of Canadarago Lake.
Polygyra monodon Rack., \ar.fraterna Say. Woods near Rich- field Spa.
Vallonia pulcheJla Miiller. In fields, everywhere.
Circinaria concara Say. Sun?et Hill, near Allan Lake.
Vertigo ovata Say. Under bark, near Richfield Spa.
Vertigo milium Gould. Near Sunset Creek.
Cocldlcopa lubrica Miiller. Cooperstown (Council Rock), Rich- field Spa. (town), near Young's Lake.
Carycliium exigmim Say. Near Sunset Creek.
Succinea ovalis Gld. Near Canadarago Lake, near Oak Creek, Cooperstown.
Succinea obliqua Say. Sunset Hill, in fields.
Succinea totteniana Lea. Near Allan Lake.
Succinea retusa Lea, var. peariensis Walker. Near Oak Creek.
THE NAUTILUS. 91
Lynwsea, stngnalis Linn. Canadarago Lake.
Lymiifp.a cohundlo. Say. Allan, Weaver Lakes.
Lynmcea palustris Miiller var. Canadarago Lake, Otsego Lake.
Fliysa ancillaria Say. Allan Lake.
Pliysa Iteteroslroplia Say. Canadarago and Otsego Lakes and many si reams.
Planorbis fn'roh-i's Say. Allan Lake.
rianorbis dilatoius Say. Canadaraga Lake.
Planorbis rampanulatus Say. Canadarago Lake.
rinnorbis bicarinatus Say. Sunset Creek, Canadarago Lake.
Planorbis exacutus Say. Near Weaver Lake.
Plnnorbis deflectus .Say. Young's Lake.
Planorbis ulbns Miiller. Allan Lake, Otsego Lake.
Ancylus rioihiris Say. Oak Creek.
Anzylus tnrdus Say. Weaver Lake.
AUCI//US fuscus Adams. Allan Lake.
Ancy fits paralle.lus Hald. Town Creek.
Sphcerium simile Say. Sunset Creek, Town Creek, Allan Lake, Weaver Lake.
Sphcerium rhomboideum Say. Allan Lake.
Spluerium striatinum Lam. Sunset Creek.
Plsidiutn ventricosum Prime. Canadarago Lake.
Pisidiitm novcboracensc. Prime. Canadarago Lake.
Lampsilis radiatus Gmelin. Canadarago Lake.
Slrophitus edentulus Say. Sunset Creek.
Ano'Ionta marghmta Say. Weaver Lake.
Alasmidonta undulata Say. Sunset Creek.
Unio complmtitus Solander. Oak Creek.
A NOTE UPON THE INSUFFICIENCY OF THE OFEKCULUM AS A BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION IN BOUND-MOUTHED SHELLS.
I5Y L. P. GRATACAP.
In 1801 Lamarck established the genus Cyclostoma which he made for the reception of a very miscellaneous and unclassified group of shells, characterized however by certain common features as the entire round aperture, continuous peristome, and operculum.
92 THE NAUTILUS.
Among this unassorted assemblage were placed marine, fluviatile and terrestrial shells. Later Lamarck withdrew the marine and fluviatile shells, and in 1819 he limited the genus Cyclostoma to terrestrial species.
In 1829 the Rev. M. G. Berkeley described the anatomical struct- ure of Cyclostoma elegans (Zoological Journal, vol. iv, p. 278), and alluded to the operculum as " ovate spiral, calcareous." This de- scription was, up to that time, the most extended and accurate that had been published, of the soft parts of the animal of this group of mollusca.
In the second edition of the Histoire NatureUe des Animaux sans Vertebres, edited by Deshayes and Milne-Edwards (1838), the diagnosis is Testa varia ; anfraclibus cylindraceis. Apertura circin- ata, regularis : marginibus orbiculatim connexis, aetute pat&iti-reflexis. Operculum.
In his observations Lamarck alludes to the similarly circular and entire margins of the aperture of Pulndina, but remarks that in adult cyclostomas the edge of the peristome is reflected, whereas in Palud'ma and generally in fluviatile shells these edges are sharp and plain.
The comments of the editors exhibit the diversity of views then held by naturalists as to the affinities of these interesting shells; some gave full weight to the fact of their aerial respiration and grouped them in a special order, in which their manner of respira- tion, their terrestrial habit, and the possession of an operculum formed distinguishing or separative features; while others consider- ing their respiration unimportant, dwelt upon morphological re- semblances to Turbo, Ti'oc/tus and Scalaria. These resemblances were the two tentacles, the absence of eye-stalks, the eyes placed at the base of the tentacles, and the respiration anteriorly open. This latter view was advocated by Cuvier. It was further emphasized by their unisexual nature, and in the armature of their lingual ribbon, which however rather coincides with that of pectinibranchiate gas- teropods. Milne-Edwards and Deshayes regarded the cyclostomas as terrestrial Turbos breathing air.
Amongst the forty-five species enumerated by Lamarck in 1838, are representatives of the genera Pteroryclaa, Cyclophorus, Clioano- poma,) Ttidora, Chondropoma, Helicina, Cyclvtns, Otopoma, Lepto- poma, Truncatella, Megalomastoma, and Realia.
THE NAUTILUS.
Draparnaud had first separated the marine round-mouthed shells from their supposed terrestrial congeners, which led Lamarck to erect his genus Delphinula for the reception of some of the marine forms, and later Puhidina for others, which genus was substituted for his own Vivipara. Hdicina although proposed as a genus by Lam- arck was not grouped by him near the cyclostomous genera. Its operculiferous character was known, but in spite of this fact ita position was assigned in the family of the Colimaces (Pulmonifera), amongst the helices, bulimi and pupas. Ferussac had first recog- nized that the genera Helicina and Cyclosloma were closely related, and had, in deference to their similar breathing organization, placed them at the end of the air-breathing gasteropods.
Reeve united Pnpina, Tntncatella, Cyclostoma, and Hdicina in the single family Cyclostomacea. Menke as early as 1828 appears to have separated the operculate shells into two families, typified by Helicina and Cyclostoma. Dr. Gray (1842) first pointed out the significant morphological distinction between Cyclostoma and He- lict'nrt, and assigned to the family Helicinidae the three genera Hdicina, Luci'dclla, and Alcadia, while Swainson (1840) had grouped together Helicina Lam., Paclnjloma Swains., Oligyra Say, Trochatella Swains., and LucideHa Swains. In the monograph (1846) in Raster's Conchylien Cabinet upon "Die gedeckelten Lungenschnecken," by L. Pfeiffer, the family Helicinacea was re- garded as composed of the genera Trochatella Swains., Lucidella Swains., Helicina Lam., and the family Cyclostomacea of Cyclostoma Lam., C/toannpoma PIV., Cyclophorus Montf., Leploma Pfr., Megalo- mastonia Guilding, Pupina Vignard, Cal/ia Gray, Pomalias Studer, Aulopoma Trosch., Craspedopoma Pfr., Myxosloma Trosch., Ptero- cyclas Bens., Acicula Hartmann, Geomelania Pfr., Hydrocena Parreyss.
The generic divisions thus slowly evolved had been largely based upon the characters of the opercula, and it seems that the credit of emphasizing this feature was due to J. E. Gray, who in 1825 pub- lished in the Zoological Journal and Philosophical Transactions the results of his observations on their structure, formation and growth, and insisted on their affording " characters for the division of families and genera as the shell of the gasteropods themselves, and that to neglect them in the description of the genus or species is quite as rational as to describe only the single valve of a bivalve shell." The
94 THE NAUTILUS.
closing words of tliis quotation allude to Gray's opinion that the operculum of the gasteropods was homologous or identical with the second valve of a lamellibranch.
( To be continued.}
HELIX HORTENSIS IN NEWFOUNDLAND.
BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.
Mr. L. P. Gratacap has very kindly permitted me to examine a dozen specimens of Helix hortemis which he collected at Little Codroy river, Newfoundland, as reported in NAUTILUS, November, p. 78. They are thin, and the dark bands when present are dull reddish- brown, not black. The forms represented are :
(1) Clear yellow, handless = lutea Moquin. Two.
(2) Greenish-yellow, Landless = subylobosa Binney. One. This seems to have been stained owing to the decay of the animal, and may originally have been more nearly a pure yellow.
(3) Yellow, five-banded = quinquevittata Moquin. Five.
(4) Yellow, formula ( 123)45 = pauluccia Locard. One.
(5) Yellow, all the bands united = bouchardia Moquin. Three. In the British museum there is an example of the variation
vallotia Moquin, from Labrador. It is yellow, with formula, O345. Mr. Gratacap has also permitted me to see the shells collected at Seydisfiord, Iceland, as reported in NAUTILUS, p. 79. They are Helix arbustorum, rather thin, but otherwise typical.
NOTES.
OYSTERS CARRIED BY SEAWEED — Some time ago an oyster- breeder in Morbilian, France, named Marline, called the attention of the French Academic des Sciences to the appearance of unknown algae that threatened to ruin the oyster-beds established at the mouth of the river Va lines. These algae (which the breeders called ballons — balloons) assume the form of little brownish-green leather bottles or wineskins, which stick to the oysters, and which, microscopic at the start, very soon reach the size of a large hen's-egg. Formed of a very thin, elastic and rather frail coat, these bottles, usually full of
THE NAUTILUS. 95
water, fall in upon themselves at the moment of low tide. They be- come empty then by the rents in their exterior; but, in virtue of their elasticity, they fill up again with air. At the return of the tide, they thus form a float more than sufficient to raise up the oyster that serves them as support. Therefore at each great tide, when the beds are wholly uncovered, the oysters are seen to disappear in the olfing upon this automobile algae.
According to M. Bornet, we have the Colpomenia sinuosa, abound- ing notably in the Mediterranean in the tracts adjacent to the At- lantic. It was pointed out for the first time at Cadiz at the begin- ning of the last century, and has never been seen farther north. It no doubt came upon the hull of a vessel, and, having found in the gulf of Morbihan suitable water, it multiplied there.
Hitherto no other eflf'eciive means has been found of combating this a'ga than to sweep the beds with prickly fagots. It is to be hoped that a rigorous winter will be sufficient to cause it to dis- appear.— Scientific A mericun.
BRITISH COLUMBIA SHELLS. — Mr. Stewardson Brown, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, collected the follow- ing species of land shells while on a botanical expedition in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. At Field, B. C.: Tlnjsanophora in- gersolli Bid., Vertigo goiddii Binn, Vertigo v. clulior Sierki, Vertigo modestn Say, with the form parietalis Anc., Vitrea /tammonis Stiom,
Vitrea binneyana Mse., Eucomd'is J'ldms Drap., Zonitoidcs ar'jorea Say, Pyramidula c. anthonyi Pi Is., Splnjradium edentidum Drap., Snccinea avara Say, and at Banff', Alberta : Vertigo modesta Say,
Vitrea biimeynna Morse, JEuconulns fidcus Drap., Pyramidula c. anthonyi Pils., Splnjradium edentalum Drap — E. G. VANATTA.
ADDITIONAL LOCALITIES FOR HELIX IIORTENSIS — Since the publication of my article on the distribution of Helix lioitensis in the November NAUTILUS, I have received the following additional records. From Curtain Island, Richmond Bay, Prince Edward Island, a specimen of the plain yellow variety was received by Rev. Henry AV. Winkley from a Mr. Ives. In 1902 Mr. Geo. H. Clapp collected the banded variety (1234;")) at Cape Porpoise, about three miles from Kennebunkport, Maine. Mr. Francis N. Balch has found it at Orleans, Massachusetts, and also at Cohasset.
96 THE NAUTILUS.
I overlooked Mr. L. P. Gratacap's record of " Hare Island," St. Lawrence River, given in his catalogue of the Bimiey and Bland collection of the terrestrial air-breathing mollusks, etc. (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, p. 39G, 1901). This species seems to be more widely distributed than has been generally supposed. It is to be hoped that these articles will lead to a still further knowledge of its geographical distribution. — C. W. JOHNSON.
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.
STUDIES ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA, PT. IX. By C. Hedley (Proc. Linn. Soc., N. S. Wales, pt. iv, 1905). Twelve new species are described and figured, with critical notes on other species.
SOUTH AUSTRALIAN NUDIBRANCHS, AND AN ENUMERATION OP THE KNOWN AUSTRALIAN SPECIES. By Herbert Basedow and Chas. Hedley (Trans. Royal Soc., S. Australia, xxix, p. 134). About 80 species are recorded, six new species described, and a number of others redescribed and illustrated by 12 plates of beauti- fully-colored figures.
REPORT ON MOLLUSCA COLLECTED BY MR. HERBERT BASEDOW ON THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT EXPEDITION 1903. By Charles Hedley (Trans. Roy. Soc., S. Australia, 19«'5). A valuable contribution to knowledge of the snails of the " Eremian Region" of Central Australia. "Though quite unrelated to the forms that people the arid regions of Asia, Africa or America, these Australian shells ivpeat in their chalky texture and rough sculpture the features of foreign species subjected to similar environment." Several new species of Thersites and Xanthomelon are described, and a beautifully-drawn plate illustrates the principal forms.
A CATALOGUE OF THE MOLLUSCA OF ILLINOIS. By Frank Collins Baker (Bull. Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist., vii, pp. 53-136, Sept., 1906). An excellent catalogue, giving in full the distribu- tion of each species throughout the State. The number recorded is 241 species of fluviatile and 91 species of terrestrial mollusks. A very exhaustive bibliography is also given.
THE NAUTILUS.
VOL. XX. JANUARY, 19O7. No. 9.
MOLLUSKS OF CAZENOVIA, N. Y.
BY JOHN B. HENDERSON, JK.
The village of Cazenovia, Madison Co., N. Y., about 20 miles southeast of Syracuse, is upon the northern edge of the elevated plateau of central New York. It is surrounded by hills more or less wooded which in conformation form series of north and south valleys of considerable depth, in one of which lies Cazenovia lake, with the village at its southern end. At the altitude of Cazenova (1100 ft.) the sedimentary rocks are shaly, but about two hundred feet below a white limestone appears. The hills are grooved by deep ravines, cutting many feet down into the limestone. These •' Gulfs " as they are locally called, are heavily wooded, always damp, and offer